D. Bazin, Combining field effect scanning electron microscopy, deep UV fluorescence, Raman, classical and synchrotron radiation Fourier transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy in the study of crystal-containing kidney biopsies, Please cite this article in press as, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crci.2015.03.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01251378

H. A. Simmonds, K. J. Van-acker, J. S. Cameron, and W. Snedden, The identification of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, a new component of urinary stones, Biochemical Journal, vol.157, issue.2, p.485, 1975.
DOI : 10.1042/bj1570485

I. Ceballos-picot, J. L. Perignon, M. Hamet, M. Daudon, and P. Kamoun, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis, an underdiagnosed disease, The Lancet, vol.339, issue.8800, p.1050, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90569-O

. Fig, Different aspects of dihydroxyadenine (a and c) and whewellite (b and d) crystallites in kidney biopsies

G. Boll-ee, C. Dollinger, L. Boutaud, D. Guillemot, A. Bensman et al., Phenotype and Genotype Characterization of Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol.21, issue.4, p.679, 2010.
DOI : 10.1681/ASN.2009080808

A. Dessombz, D. Bazin, P. Dumas, C. Sandt, J. Sule-suso et al., Shedding Light on the Chemical Diversity of Ectopic Calcifications in Kidney Tissues: Diagnostic and Research Aspects, PLoS ONE, vol.32, issue.11, p.28007, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0028007.t001

A. P. Evan, F. L. Coe, J. E. Lingeman, Y. Shao, B. R. Matlaga et al., Renal crystal deposits and histopathology in patients with cystine stones, Kidney International, vol.69, issue.12, p.2227, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ki.5000268

M. Daudon, H. Bouzidi, and D. Bazin, Composition and morphology of phosphate stones and their relation with etiology, Urological Research, vol.73, issue.6, p.459, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00240-010-0320-3

C. Kendall, M. Isabelle, F. Bazant-hegemark, J. Hutchings, L. Orr et al., Vibrational spectroscopy: a clinical tool for cancer diagnostics, The Analyst, vol.133, issue.4, p.1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1039/b821100k

M. Daudon and D. Bazin, Application of Physical Methods to Kidney Stones and Randall???s Plaque Characterization, pp.683-707
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4471-4387-1_85

J. Prywer, A. Torzewska, and T. Plocinski, Unique surface and internal structure of struvite crystals formed by Proteus mirabilis, Urological Research, vol.62, issue.6, p.699, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00240-012-0501-3

V. Uvarov, I. Popov, N. Shapur, T. Abdin, O. N. Gofrit et al., X-ray diffraction and SEM study of kidney stones in Israel: quantitative analysis, crystallite size determination, and statistical characterization, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, vol.160, issue.6, p.613, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10653-011-9374-6

S. R. Khan, D. E. Rodriguez, L. B. Gower, and M. Monga, Association of Randall Plaque With Collagen Fibers and Membrane Vesicles, The Journal of Urology, vol.187, issue.3, p.1094, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.125

A. Dessombz, E. Letavernier, J. Haymann, D. Bazin, and M. Daudon, Calcium Phosphate Stone Morphology Can Reliably Predict Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis, The Journal of Urology, vol.193, issue.5, p.1564, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2014.12.017
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01148416

H. J. Gulley-stahl, An Investigation into Quantitative ATR-FT-IR Imaging and Raman mspectroscopy of Small Mineral Inclusions in Kidney Biopsies, Chemistry, 2010.

J. Anderson, J. Haas, R. Arays, A. Sommer, and A. Evan, Quantitative Analysis of Oxalate Salts in Renal Biopsies via ATR Infrared Microspectroscopy and its Relevance to Kidney Disease, Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol.12, issue.S02, p.312, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/S1431927606066220

D. G. Reid, G. J. Jackson, M. J. Duer, and A. L. Rodgers, Apatite in Kidney Stones is a Molecular Composite With Glycosaminoglycans and Proteins: Evidence From Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, and Relevance to Randall's Plaque, Pathogenesis and Prophylaxis, The Journal of Urology, vol.185, issue.2, p.725, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.075

V. K. Singh and P. K. Rai, Kidney stone analysis techniques and the role of major and trace elements on their pathogenesis: a review, Biophysical Reviews, vol.131, issue.3-4, p.291, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s12551-014-0144-4

C. A. Pineda, A. L. Rodgers, V. M. Prozesky, and W. J. Przybylowicz, Elemental mapping analysis of recurrent calcium oxalate human kidney stones, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, vol.104, issue.1-4, p.351, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-583X(95)00454-8

J. Kuta, J. Machat, D. Benova, R. Cervenka, J. Zeman et al., Association of minor and trace elements with mineralogical constituents of urinary stones: A hard nut to crack in existing studies of urolithiasis, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, vol.61, issue.6, p.511, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10653-013-9511-5

J. Liu and R. G. Cooks, Biological Tissue Diagnostics Using Needle Biopsy and Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry, vol.83, issue.24, p.9221, 2011.
DOI : 10.1021/ac202626f

J. P. Shapiro, S. Biswas, A. S. Merchant, A. Satoskar, C. Taslim et al., A quantitative proteomic workflow for characterization of frozen clinical biopsies: Laser capture microdissection coupled with label-free mass spectrometry, Journal of Proteomics, vol.77, p.433, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.019

D. Bazin, G. Andr-e, R. Weil, G. Matzen, E. V-eron et al., Absence of Bacterial Imprints on Struvite-containing Kidney Stones: A Structural Investigation at the Mesoscopic and Atomic Scale, Urology, vol.79, issue.4, p.786, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.urology.2011.08.054

D. Bazin, X. Carpentier, I. Brocheriou, P. Dorfmuller, S. Aubert et al., Revisiting the localisation of Zn2+ cations sorbed on pathological apatite calcifications made through X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Biochimie, vol.91, issue.10, p.1294, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.05.009
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00430286

D. Bazin, C. Chappard, C. Combes, X. Carpentier, S. Rouzi-ere et al., Diffraction techniques and vibrational spectroscopy opportunities to characterise bones, Osteoporosis International, vol.64, issue.2, p.1065, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00198-009-0868-3
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00430187

D. Bazin, M. Daudon, C. Chappard, J. Rehr, D. Thiaudi-ere et al., The status of strontium in biological apatites: an??XANES investigation, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, vol.37, issue.209, p.912, 2011.
DOI : 10.1107/S0909049511032651
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00994761

E. A. Stern, D. E. Sayers, and F. W. Lytle, Extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure technique. III. Determination of physical parameters, Physical Review B, vol.11, issue.12, p.4836, 1975.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.11.4836

D. Bazin, D. E. Sayers, and J. J. Rehr, Comparison between X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, Anomalous Wide Angle X-ray Scattering, Anomalous Small Angle X-ray Scattering, and Diffraction Anomalous Fine Structure Techniques Applied to Nanometer-Scale Metallic Clusters, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.101, issue.51, p.11040, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/jp9721311
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00431071

D. Bazin and J. J. Rehr, Limits and Advantages of X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure for Nanometer Scale Metallic Clusters, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.107, issue.45, p.12398, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/jp0223051
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00431063

D. Bazin and J. J. Rehr, CO-PROX Catalyst???, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol.115, issue.46, p.23233, 2011.
DOI : 10.1021/jp2047773

S. R. Qiu and C. A. Orme, Dynamics of Biomineral Formation at the Near-Molecular Level, Chemical Reviews, vol.108, issue.11, p.4784, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/cr800322u

S. Li, S. Wu, D. Nan, W. Zhang, and L. Wang, Inhibition of Pathological Mineralization of Calcium Phosphate by Phosphorylated Osteopontin Peptides through Step-Specific Interactions, Chemistry of Materials, vol.26, issue.19, p.5605, 2014.
DOI : 10.1021/cm502111v

B. Fritz, A. Cl-ement, Y. Amal, and C. , Simulation of the nucleation and growth of simple clay minerals in weathering processes: The NANOKIN code, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.73, issue.5, p.1340, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2008.11.043
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00364049

N. Q. Dao and M. Daudon, Infrared and Raman Spectra of Calculi, 1997.

F. Preitner, A. Laverriere-loss, S. Metref, A. Da-costa, C. Moret et al., Urate-induced acute renal failure and chronic inflammation in liver-specific Glut9 knockout mice, AJP: Renal Physiology, vol.305, issue.5, p.786, 2013.
DOI : 10.1152/ajprenal.00083.2013
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00998542

M. Eiro, T. Katoh, and T. Watanabe, Risk factors for bleeding complications in percutaneous renal biopsy, Clinical and Experimental Nephrology, vol.9, issue.1, p.40, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10157-004-0326-7

O. Hergesell, H. Felten, K. Andrassy, K. Kuhn, and E. Ritz, Safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy-retrospective analysis of 1090 consecutive cases, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.13, issue.4, p.975, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/13.4.975

E. Letavernier, O. Traxer, J. P. Haymann, D. Bazin, and M. Daudon, Cystinurie, Progr??s en Urologie - FMC, vol.22, issue.4, p.119, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fpurol.2012.06.002

M. Livrozet, S. Vandermeersch, L. Mesnard, E. Thioulouse, J. Jaubert et al., An Animal Model of Type A Cystinuria Due to Spontaneous Mutation in 129S2/SvPasCrl Mice, PLoS ONE, vol.84, issue.7, p.102700, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0102700.g005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01059775

A. P. Evan, S. B. Bledsoe, B. A. Connors, L. Deng, L. Liang et al., Sequential analysis of kidney stone formation in the Aprt knockout mouse, Kidney International, vol.60, issue.3, p.910, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060003910.x

H. Beaufils, G. Deray, C. Katlama, E. Dohin, D. Henin et al., Foscarnet and crystals in glomerular capillary lumens, The Lancet, vol.336, issue.8717, p.755, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92253-E

P. Ronco and A. Flahault, Drug-Induced End-Stage Renal Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.331, issue.25, p.1711, 1994.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199412223312509

E. Chatelain, C. Demini-ere, J. Y. Lacut, and L. Poraux, Severe renal failure and polyneuritis induced by foscarnet, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.13, issue.9, p.2368, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/13.9.2368

A. Okada, S. Nomura, Y. Saeki, Y. Higashibata, S. Hamamoto et al., Morphological Conversion of Calcium Oxalate Crystals Into Stones Is Regulated by Osteopontin in Mouse Kidney, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.74, issue.Suppl 14, p.1629, 2008.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.080514

R. Kanlaya, K. Fong-ngerm, and V. Thongboonkerd, Cellular adaptive response of distal renal tubular cells to high-oxalate environment highlights surface alpha-enolase as the enhancer of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal adhesion, Journal of Proteomics, vol.80, p.55, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.001

J. A. Swift, Biomineralization of Organic Phases Associated With Human Diseases, Engineering of Crystalline Materials Properties: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics, pp.449-475, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4020-6823-2_22

D. Bazin and C. , Fran??ois Garin: Pioneer work in catalysis through synchrotron radiation, Comptes Rendus Chimie, vol.17, issue.7-8, p.615, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crci.2013.10.002

H. K. Ea, V. Chobaz, C. Nguyen, S. Nasi, P. Van-lent et al., Pathogenic Role of Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystals in Destructive Arthropathies, PLoS ONE, vol.425, issue.2, p.57352, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0057352.s001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01472876

A. Dessombz, P. Eria, D. Bazin, and M. Daudon, Prostatic Stones: Evidence of a Specific Chemistry Related to Infection and Presence of Bacterial Imprints, PLoS ONE, vol.72, issue.12, p.51691, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0051691.t002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01468504

X. Hurtes, M. Daudon, and P. Meria, C??lculos prost??ticos, EMC - Urolog??a, vol.45, issue.3, pp.1-7, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/S1761-3310(13)64510-7

A. Dessombz, P. Eria, D. Bazin, E. Foy, S. Rouzi-ere et al., Diversit?? chimique des calculs prostatiques??: une investigation par MEB et spectroscopie infrarouge, Progr??s en Urologie, vol.21, issue.13, p.940, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.purol.2011.04.003

K. L. Cloyd, I. El-hamamsy, S. Boonrungsiman, M. Hedegaard, E. Gentleman et al., Characterization of Porcine Aortic Valvular Interstitial Cell ???Calcified??? Nodules, PLoS ONE, vol.25, issue.10, p.48154, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0048154.s003

P. Henrot, A. Leroux, C. Barlier, and P. Enin, Breast microcalcifications: The lesions in anatomical pathology, Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, vol.95, issue.2, p.141, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.diii.2013.12.011

J. Kang, E. Kim, G. R. Kim, C. Yoon, T. Song et al., data and spectrophotometric measurement, Journal of Biophotonics, vol.16, issue.4, p.71, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/jbio.201300100

M. Daudon, C. Hennequin, B. Lacour, G. L. Moel, R. Donsimoni et al., Sex- and age-related composition of 10 617 calculi analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, Urological Research, vol.10, issue.5, p.319, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00300021

E. V. Wilson, M. Junaid-bushiri, and V. K. Vaidyan, Characterization and FTIR spectral studies of human urinary stones from Southern India, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol.77, issue.2, p.442, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.saa.2010.06.014