P. Whalley and E. Jarzembowski, A new assessment of Rhyniella, the earliest known insect, from the Devonian of Rhynie, Scotland, Nature, vol.4, issue.5813, p.317, 1981.
DOI : 10.1038/291317a0

S. Hopkin, Biology of the Springtails (Insecta: Collembola), 1997.

F. Cicconardi, P. Fanciulli, and B. Emerson, Collembola, the biological species concept and the underestimation of global species richness, Molecular Ecology, vol.10, issue.21, pp.5382-96, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/mec.12472

L. Deharveng, Recent advances in Collembola systematics, Pedobiologia, vol.48, issue.5-6, pp.415-448, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pedobi.2004.08.001

S. Hopkin, Collembola: the most abundant insects on earth, Antenna, vol.22, pp.117-138, 1998.

F. Cicconardi, F. Nardi, B. Emerson, F. Frati, and P. Fanciulli, Deep phylogeographic divisions and long-term persistence of forest invertebrates (Hexapoda: Collembola) in the North-Western Mediterranean basin, Molecular Ecology, vol.17, issue.2, pp.386-400, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04457.x

D. Porco, M. Potapov, A. Bedos, G. Busmachiu, W. Weiner et al., Cryptic Diversity in the Ubiquist Species Parisotoma notabilis (Collembola, Isotomidae): A Long-Used Chimeric Species?, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.9, p.23049931, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0046056.t002

F. Zhang, D. Yu, Y. Luo, S. Ho, B. Wang et al., Cryptic diversity, diversification and vicariance in two species complexes of Tomocerus (Collembola, Tomoceridae) from China, Zoologica Scripta, vol.2014, issue.434, pp.393-404

T. Tully, D. Haese, C. Richard, M. Ferriere, and R. , Two major evolutionary lineages revealed by molecular phylogeny in the parthenogenetic collembola species Folsomia candida, Pedobiologia, vol.50, issue.2, pp.95-104, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.11.003

C. Schneider, C. Cruaud, and C. Dhaese, Unexpected diversity in Neelipleona revealed by molecular phylogeny approach (Hexapoda, Collembola). Soil Organisms, pp.383-98, 2011.

C. Schneider, D. Haese, and C. , Morphological and molecular insights on Megalothorax: the largest Neelipleona genus revisited (Collembola), Invertebrate Systematics, vol.27, issue.3, pp.317-64, 2013.

R. Yoshii, On Lobella sauteri and its variability, Ann. spel. Inst. Japan, vol.12, pp.1-9, 1994.

C. De-mendonça, R. Arlé, . Variação, and . Wray, Boletim do Museu nacional Nova Série Zoologia, pp.1-9, 1953.

M. Wetton, Morphological variation in British Folsomia quadrioculata Tullberg (Collembola: Isotomidae): a multivariate study, Systematic Entomology, vol.19, issue.12, pp.257-70, 1987.
DOI : 10.2307/2992412

M. Mutt and J. , New records for Corynothrix borealis and a study of its variability (Collembola: Entomobryidae: Orchesellinae), International Journal of Entomology, vol.26, issue.4, pp.369-77, 1984.

B. Pitkin, Variation in some British material of the Onychiurus armatus group (Collembola), Systematic Entomology, vol.102, issue.3, pp.405-431, 1980.
DOI : 10.2307/2347064

P. Lawrence, Variation in the Palaeotropical Collembola species Cryptopygus fasciatus with three new synonyms and notes on the subgenus Rhodanella. Revue d'écologie et de biologie du sol, pp.265-71, 1978.

H. Goto and S. Ögel, Variation in the mucro of Folsomia (Collembola: Isotomidae). The Entomologist, pp.105-112, 1961.

P. Lawrence, Variation in Hypogastrura (H.) viatica (Tullberg, 1872) (Collembola). The entomologist, pp.151-155, 1961.

E. Rapoport, C. De-izarra, and D. , On the variability of Hypogastrura manubrialis (Tullb.)(Collembola) Annals and MAgazine of Natural History, pp.205-213, 1962.

J. Rusek, Zup Variabilität einiger morphologischen Merkmale bei Onychiurus pseudostachianus gisin, 1956 (Collembola, apterygota) V?stník ?eskoslovenské spole?nosti zoologické (Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae), pp.44-51, 1964.

K. Christiansen and D. Culver, Geographical Variation and Evolution in Pseudosinella hirsuta, Evolution, vol.22, issue.2, pp.237-55, 1968.
DOI : 10.2307/2406522

H. Gough, On variation in Arrhopalites caecus (Tullberg)(Collembola: Sminthuridae) Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, pp.205-214, 1973.

N. Prabhoo, Morphological variations in the local populations of the soil collembola Proisotoma (Clavisotoma ) fitchioides (Denis 1947)(Insecta) in Kerala, Entomon, vol.1, issue.1, pp.67-70, 1976.

A. Grow and K. Christiansen, Chaetotaxy in Folsomia (Collembola Isotomidae) with special reference to nearctic species. Revue d'Ecologie et de, Biologie du Sol, vol.13, issue.4, pp.611-638, 1976.

A. Grow and K. Christiansen, Chaetotaxy in neartic Friesea (Collembola Neanurinae) with notes on taxonomic use of chaetotaxy. Revue d'Écologie et de, Biologie du Sol, vol.11, issue.3, pp.377-96, 1974.

M. Potapov, The use of macrochaetotaxy in taxonomy of palaearctic Folsomia (Collembola, Isotomidae), Pedobiologia, vol.44, issue.3-4, pp.3-4, 2000.
DOI : 10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70043-8

H. Petersen, Sex ratios and the extent of parthenogenetic reproduction in some collembolan populations, First International Seminar on Apterygota. Accademia delle Scienze di Siena detta de'Fisiocritici, pp.19-35, 1978.

M. Chernova, B. Potapov, Y. Savenkova, and I. Bokova, Ecological significance of parthenogenesis in collembola, Entomological Review, vol.90, issue.1, pp.23-38, 2010.
DOI : 10.1134/S0013873810010033

C. Birky, . Jr, T. Barraclough, I. Schön, K. Martens et al., Asexual speciation Lost sex: the evolutionary biology of parthenogenesis, pp.201-217, 2009.

M. Fountain and S. Hopkin, (COLLEMBOLA): A ???Standard??? Soil Arthropod, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.50, issue.1, pp.201-223, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130331

P. Krogh, Toxicity testing with the collembolans Folsomia fimetaria and Folsomia candida and the results of a ringtest. Miljøstyrelsen, 2009.

B. Bur, C. Crouau, B. Bianco, G. Gandois, and P. Probst, Toxicity of Pb and of Pb/Cd combination on the springtail Folsomia candida in natural soils: Reproduction, growth and bioaccumulation as indicators, Science of The Total Environment, vol.414, issue.0, pp.187-197, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.029

Y. Crouau, P. Chenon, and C. Gisclard, The use of Folsomia candida (Collembola, Isotomidae) for the bioassay of xenobiotic substances and soil pollutants, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.12, issue.2, pp.103-114, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0929-1393(99)00002-5

E. Canada, Méthode d'essai biologique: essai de mesure de la survie et de la croissance de collemboles exposés à des contaminants dans le sol, Centre des sciences et technologies environnementales. Direction générale des sciences et de la technologie Environnement Canada, 2007.

D. Waagner, L. Heckmann, A. Malmendal, N. Nielsen, M. Holmstrup et al., Hsp70 expression and metabolite composition in response to short-term thermal changes in Folsomia candida (Collembola), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, vol.157, issue.2
DOI : 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.171

T. De-boer, A. Birlutiu, Z. Bochdanovits, M. Timmermans, T. Dijkstra et al., Transcriptional plasticity of a soil arthropod across different ecological conditions. Molecular Ecology, pp.1144-54, 2011.

S. Pfeffer, H. Khalili, and J. Filser, Food choice and reproductive success of Folsomia candida feeding on copper-contaminated mycelium of the soil fungus Alternaria alternata, Pedobiologia, vol.54, issue.1, pp.19-23, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pedobi.2010.08.003

J. Diogo, T. Natal-da-luz, J. Sousa, C. Vogt, and C. Nowak, Tolerance of genetically characterized Folsomia candida strains to phenmedipham exposure, Journal of Soils and Sediments, vol.7, issue.6, pp.388-92, 2007.
DOI : 10.1065/jss2007.09.252

P. Chenon, A. Rousset, and Y. Crouau, Genetic polymorphism in nine clones of a parthenogenetic collembolan used in ecotoxicological testing, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.103-113, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0929-1393(00)00047-0

E. Stam, M. De-leemkule, and G. Ernsting, Trade-offs in the life history and energy budget of the parthenogenetic collembolan Folsomia candida (Willem), Oecologia, vol.100, issue.3, pp.283-92, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00328444

Y. Crouau and L. Cazes, What causes variability in the Folsomia candida reproduction test?, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.22, issue.2, pp.175-80, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00128-2

T. Tully and R. Ferrière, Reproductive Flexibility: Genetic Variation, Genetic Costs and Long-Term Evolution in a Collembola, PLoS ONE, vol.77, issue.9, p.18791644, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0003207.g008

T. Tully and A. Lambert, THE EVOLUTION OF POSTREPRODUCTIVE LIFE SPAN AS AN INSURANCE AGAINST INDETERMINACY, Evolution, vol.230, issue.10, pp.3013-3033, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01347.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00857606

V. Willem, Note préliminaire sur les Collemboles des Grottes de Han et de Rochefort, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg, vol.46, pp.275-83, 1902.

J. Stach, The Apterygotan fauna of Poland in relation to the world fauna of this group of Insects family: Isotomidae. Nakl. Polskiej Akademii Umiejetno?ci, 1947.

M. Potapov, Synopses on Palaearctic Collembola, Isotomidae. Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, vol.3, 2001.

M. Potapov and G. Yan, Folsomia of China I?fimetaria group (Collembola: Isotomidae) Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, pp.51-57, 2012.

R. Ihaka and R. Gentleman, R: a language for data analysis and graphics, Journal of computational and graphical statistics, vol.5, issue.3, pp.299-314, 1996.

L. Michael and W. Bruce, Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits, 1998.

B. Bolker, M. Brooks, C. Clark, S. Geange, J. Poulsen et al., Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.24, issue.3, pp.127-162, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.008

E. Paradis, Analysis of phylogenetics and evolution with R, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4614-1743-9

K. Schliep and . Phangorn, phylogenetic analysis in R, Bioinformatics Feb, vol.15, issue.274, pp.592-595, 2011.

R. Suzuki and H. Shimodaira, Pvclust: an R package for assessing the uncertainty in hierarchical clustering, Bioinformatics, vol.22, issue.12, pp.1540-1542, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl117

M. Potapov, Age-dependent variability of ventral chaetotaxy of manubrium in Folsomia spinosa Kseneman , 1936. Fauna i ecologia nogokhvostok, pp.26-34, 1984.

L. Bourlot, V. Tully, T. Claessen, and D. , Interference versus Exploitative Competition in the Regulation of Size-Structured Populations, The American Naturalist, vol.184, issue.5, pp.609-632, 2014.
DOI : 10.1086/678083

T. Tully and A. Lambert, THE EVOLUTION OF POSTREPRODUCTIVE LIFE SPAN AS AN INSURANCE AGAINST INDETERMINACY, Evolution, vol.230, issue.10, pp.3013-3033, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01347.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00857606

T. Flatt, The evolutionary genetics of canalization. The Quarterly Review of Biology, pp.287-316, 2005.

D. Stern and V. Orgogozo, Is Genetic Evolution Predictable?, Science, vol.323, issue.5915, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1158997

A. Mcgregor, V. Orgogozo, I. Delon, J. Zanet, D. Srinivasan et al., Morphological evolution through multiple cis-regulatory mutations at a single gene, Nature, vol.87, issue.7153, pp.587-593, 1038.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05988

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00169725

P. Simpson, R. Woehl, and K. Usui, The development and evolution of bristle patterns in Diptera, Development, vol.126, issue.7, pp.1349-64, 1999.

P. Simpson, The stars and stripes of animal bodies: evolution of regulatory elements mediating pigment and bristle patterns in Drosophila, Trends in Genetics, vol.23, issue.7, pp.350-358, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tig.2007.04.006

J. Gómez-skarmeta, S. Campuzano, and J. Modolell, Half a century of neural prepatterning: the story of a few bristles and many genes, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.4, issue.7, pp.587-98, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn1142

S. Marcellini and P. Simpson, Two or Four Bristles: Functional Evolution of an Enhancer of scute in Drosophilidae, PLoS Biology, vol.22, issue.12, pp.386-17105353, 2006.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040386.sg003

J. Gibert, S. Marcellini, J. David, C. Schlötterer, and P. Simpson, A major bristle QTL from a selected population of Drosophila uncovers the zinc-finger transcription factor Poils-au-dos, a repressor of achaete???scute, Developmental Biology, vol.288, issue.1, pp.194-205, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.09.032

A. Faddeeva, R. Studer, K. Kraaijeveld, D. Sie, B. Ylstra et al., Collembolan Transcriptomes Highlight Molecular Evolution of Hexapods and Provide Clues on the Adaptation to Terrestrial Life, PLOS ONE, vol.30, issue.3, p.26075903, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0130600.s008

A. Grens, E. Mason, J. Marsh, and H. Bode, Evolutionary conservation of a cell fate specification gene: the Hydra achaete-scute homolog has proneural activity in Drosophila. Development, pp.4027-4062, 1995.

E. Stam, M. De-leemkule, and G. Ernsting, Trade-offs in the life history and energy budget of the parthenogenetic collembolan Folsomia candida (Willem), Oecologia, vol.100, issue.3, pp.283-92, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00328444

R. Rougerie, T. Decaëns, L. Deharveng, D. Porco, S. James et al., DNA barcodes for soil animal taxonomy, Pesquisa Agropecu??ria Brasileira, vol.44, issue.8, pp.789-802, 2009.
DOI : 10.1590/S0100-204X2009000800002

G. Torricelli, A. Carapelli, P. Convey, F. Nardi, J. Boore et al., High divergence across the whole mitochondrial genome in the ???pan-Antarctic??? springtail Friesea grisea: Evidence for cryptic species?, Gene, vol.449, issue.1-2, pp.30-40, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gene.2009.09.006