A. Adout, D. Hawlena, R. Maman, O. Paz-tal, and Z. Karpas, Determination of trace elements in pigeon and raven feathers by ICPMS, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, vol.267, issue.1-3, pp.109-400, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.02.022

S. Tanabe, H. Ogi, and Y. Shibata, Body distribution of trace elements in black- 403 tailed gulls from Rishiri Island, Japan: Age-dependent accumulation and transfer to 404 feathers and eggs, Environ. Toxicol. Chem, vol.24, pp.2107-2120, 2005.

E. A. Archie and K. R. Theis, Animal behaviour meets microbial ecology, Animal Behaviour, vol.82, issue.3, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.029

S. Azimi, V. Rocher, M. Muller, R. Moilleron, and D. R. Thevenot, Sources, distribution and variability of hydrocarbons and metals in atmospheric deposition in an urban area (Paris, France), Science of The Total Environment, vol.337, issue.1-3, pp.223-239, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.020
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01086757

H. Babich and G. Stotzky, Toxicity of zinc to fungi, bacteria, and coliphages: influence 411 of chloride ions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.36, pp.906-914, 1978.

J. L. Balcázar, D. Vendrell, I. De-blas, I. Ruiz-zarzuela, O. Gironés et al., In vitro competitive adhesion and production of antagonistic compounds by 414 lactic acid bacteria against fish pathogens, Vet. Microbiol, vol.413, issue.122, pp.373-380, 2007.

I. Bisson, P. P. Marra, E. H. Burtt, M. Sikaroodi, and P. M. Gillevet, A Molecular Comparison of Plumage and Soil Bacteria Across Biogeographic, Ecological, and Taxonomic Scales, Microbial Ecology, vol.46, issue.1, pp.65-81, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00248-006-9173-2

I. Bisson, P. P. Marra, E. H. Burtt-jr, M. Sikaroodi, and P. M. Gillevet, Variation in Plumage Microbiota Depends on Season and Migration, Microbial Ecology, vol.68, issue.1, pp.212-423, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00248-009-9490-3

J. Breton, S. Massart, P. Vandamme, E. De-brandt, B. Pot et al., Ecotoxicology inside the gut: impact of heavy metals on the mouse microbiome, BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol.330, issue.6003, p.62, 2013.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1192603

K. M. Burkholder, K. L. Thompson, M. E. Einstein, T. J. Applegate, and J. A. Patterson, Influence of stressors on normal intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, 429 and susceptibility toSalmonella enteritidiscolonization in broilers, Poult. Sci, vol.428, issue.87, pp.430-1734, 2008.

B. Jr, E. H. Ichida, and J. M. , Occurence of feather-degrading bacilli in the plumage 432 of birds, The Auk, vol.116, pp.364-372, 1999.

A. Cabrero, S. Fernandez, F. Mirada, and J. Garcia, Effects of copper and zinc on the activated sludge bacteria growth kinetics, Water Research, vol.32, issue.5, pp.1355-1362, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00366-7

S. P. Caro, J. Balthazart, and F. Bonadonna, The perfume of reproduction in birds: Chemosignaling in avian social life, Hormones and Behavior, vol.68, pp.25-42, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.06.001

F. L. Cerklewski and R. M. Forbes, Influence of dietary zinc on lead toxicity in the rat, 1976.

M. Chatelain, J. Gasparini, L. Jacquin, and A. Frantz, The adaptive function of melanin-based plumage coloration to trace metals, Biology Letters, vol.126, issue.3, pp.20140164-441, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/beheco/ari024

M. Chatelain, J. Gasparini, and A. Frantz, In press. Do trace metals select for darker birds in 443 urban areas? An experimental exposure to lead and zinc. ? Glob, Change Biol

D. H. Clayton, Feather-busting bacteria. -The Auk, pp.302-304, 1999.

R. P. Cosson, J. Amiard, and C. Amiard-triquet, Trace elements in little egrets and flamingos of Camargue, France, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.15, issue.1, pp.107-116, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0147-6513(88)90047-4

G. Á. Czirják, P. L. Pap, C. I. Vágási, M. Giraudeau, C. Mure?an et al., Preen gland removal increases plumage bacterial load but not that of feather- 449 degrading bacteria, Naturwissenschaften, vol.100, pp.448-2013

T. Dauwe, E. Janssens, R. Pinxten, and M. Eens, The reproductive success and quality 451 of blue tits (Paruscaeruleus) in a heavy metal pollution gradient, Environ. Pollut, vol.452, issue.136, pp.243-251, 2005.

L. Dauwe, R. Bervoets, M. Blust, and T. Ee, Tissue Levels of Lead in Experimentally Exposed Zebra Finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ) with Particular Attention on the Use of Feathers as Biomonitors, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.42, issue.1, pp.88-92, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s002440010295

L. K. Dotterud, T. Wilsgaard, L. H. Vorland, and E. S. Falk, The effect of UVB 457 radiation on skin microbiota in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy controls, p.458, 2008.

T. Eeva, M. Ahola, and E. Lehikoinen, Breeding performance of blue tits 460 (Cyanistescaeruleus) and great tits (Parus major) in a heavy metal polluted area, p.461, 2009.

R. M. El-gazzar, V. N. Finelli, J. Boiano, and H. G. Petering, Influence of dietary zinc on lead toxicity in rats, Toxicology Letters, vol.1, issue.4, pp.227-234, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-4274(78)90053-X

V. O. Ezenwa, N. M. Gerardo, D. W. Inouye, M. Medina, and J. B. Xavier, Animal Behavior and the Microbiome, Science, vol.338, issue.6104, pp.198-199, 2012.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1227412

R. B. Sartor, E. C. Boedeker, N. Harpaz, N. R. Pace, and E. Li, Disease 468 phenotype and genotype are associated with shifts in intestinal-associated microbiota 469 in inflammatory bowel diseases: -Inflamm, Bowel Dis, vol.17, pp.179-184, 2011.

M. Castrec-rouelle, Contrasting levels of heavy metals in the feathers of urban 472 pigeons from close habitats suggest limited movements at a restricted scale, 2012.

K. E. Giller, E. Witter, and S. P. Mcgrath, Toxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms 475 and microbial processes in agricultural soils: a review, -Soil Biol. Biochem, vol.30, pp.476-1389, 1998.

R. Griffiths, M. C. Double, K. Orr, and R. J. Dawson, A DNA test to sex most birds, Molecular Ecology, vol.7, issue.8, pp.1071-1075, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00331.x

B. Gulson, K. J. Mizon, M. J. Korsch, D. Howarth, A. Phillips et al., Impact on 480 blood lead in children and adults following relocation from their source of exposure 481, p.23, 1996.

A. R. Gunderson, M. H. Forsyth, and J. P. Swaddle, Evidence that plumage bacteria 484 influence feather colouration and body condition of eastern bluebirds Sialiasialis, J, 2009.

A. Liston and J. Raes, Inflammation-associated enterotypes, host genotype, 488 cage and inter-individual effects drive gut microbiota variation in common laboratory 489 mice, Genome Biol, vol.14, p.4, 2013.

M. Hill, Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis, European Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol.6, pp.43-491, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00008469-199703001-00009

H. Brait, C. H. Antoniosifilho, and N. R. , Use of feathers of feral pigeons (Columba 494 livia) as a technique for metal quantification and environmental monitoring, 2011.

O. Hojberg, N. Canibe, H. D. Poulsen, M. S. Hedemann, and B. B. Jensen, Influence of Dietary Zinc Oxide and Copper Sulfate on the Gastrointestinal Ecosystem in Newly Weaned Piglets, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.71, issue.5, pp.2267-2277, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2267-2277.2005

M. J. Hsu, K. Selvaraj, and G. Agoramoorthy, Taiwan's industrial heavy metal pollution threatens terrestrial biota, Environmental Pollution, vol.143, issue.2, pp.327-334, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.11.023

S. Jacob, L. Colmas, N. Parthuisot, and P. Heeb, Do feather-degrading bacteria 502 actually degrade feather colour? No significant effects of plumage microbiome 503 24 modifications on feather colouration in wild great tits, Naturwissenschaften, vol.101, pp.504-929, 2014.

L. Jacquin, P. Lenouvel, C. Haussy, S. Ducatez, and J. Gasparini, Melanin-based coloration is related to parasite intensity and cellular immune response in an urban free living bird: the feral pigeon Columba livia, Journal of Avian Biology, vol.269, issue.1, pp.11-15, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-048X.2010.05120.x

L. Jarup, Hazards of heavy metal contamination, British Medical Bulletin, vol.68, issue.1, pp.167-182, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/bmb/ldg032

R. Johnston and M. Janiga, Feral pigeons, 1995.

J. Kekkonen, I. K. Hanski, R. A. Väisänen, and J. E. Brommer, Levels of heavy metals 514 in house sparrows(Passer domesticus) from urban and rural habitats of southern 515, 2012.

P. Kilgas, P. Saag, M. Mägi, M. Edenberg, V. Tilgar et al., Variation in 517 assemblages of feather bacteria in relation to plumage color in female great tits, p.518, 2012.

E. Y. Kim, R. Goto, S. Tanabe, H. Tanaka, and R. Tatsukawa, Distribution of 14 520 elements in tissues and organs of oceanic seabirds, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, vol.521, issue.35, pp.638-645, 1998.

S. Kulkarni and P. Heeb, Social and sexual behaviours aid transmission of bacteria in birds, Behavioural Processes, vol.74, issue.1, pp.88-92, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.beproc.2006.10.005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00356612

S. Leclaire, J. F. Nielsen, and C. M. Drea, Bacterial communities in meerkat anal 525 scent secretions vary with host sex, age, and group membership, Behav. Ecol, vol.25, pp.526-996

S. Leclaire, P. Pierret, M. Chatelain, and J. Gasparini, Feather bacterial load affects 528 plumage condition, iridescent colour, and investment in preening in pigeons, 2014.

S. Leclaire, G. Czirjak, A. Hammouda, and J. Gasparini, Feather bacterial load shapes 531 the trade-off between preening and immunity in pigeons, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.532, pp.15-60, 2015.

Y. Liu, Y. Li, K. Liu, and J. Shen, Exposing to Cadmium Stress Cause Profound Toxic Effect on Microbiota of the Mice Intestinal Tract, PLoS ONE, vol.112, issue.2, p.85323, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0085323.t003

J. Mardon, S. M. Saunders, and F. Bonadonna, From preen secretions to plumage: the chemical trajectory of blue petrels' Halobaena caerulea social scent, Journal of Avian Biology, vol.160, issue.1, pp.42-71, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-048X.2010.05113.x

L. Martinez-tabche and I. Gutierr, Toxic effects of zinc from trout farm sediments on 539, 2000.

W. Mertz, The essential trace elements, Science, vol.213, issue.4514, pp.1332-1338, 1981.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7022654

G. Moreno-rueda, Uropygial gland size correlates with feather holes, body condition and wingbar size in the house sparrow Passer domesticus, Journal of Avian Biology, vol.273, issue.3, pp.229-544, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-048X.2009.04859.x

B. R. Moyer, A. N. Rock, and D. H. Clayton, Experimental test of the importance of 546 preen oil in rock doves (Columba livia). -The Auk, p.490, 2003.

M. Blaut, Differences in fecal microbiota in different european study 550 populations in relation to age, gender, and country: a cross-sectional study, 2006.

M. M. Muza, E. H. Burtt, and J. M. Ichida, Distribution of bacteria on feathers of some 553 eastern North American birds, pp.432-435, 2000.

D. Nam, D. Lee, and T. Koo, Monitoring for Lead Pollution using Feathers of Feral Pigeons (Columba livia) from Korea, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol.95, issue.1-3, pp.13-22, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000029898.28393.30

S. Oh, S. Kim, Y. Ko, J. Sim, K. S. Kim et al., Effect of bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus sp. HY 449 on skin-inflammatory bacteria, Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol.44, issue.4, pp.552-559, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.030

J. Oksanen, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, B. O-'hara, and M. Stevens, The vegan package, pp.661-637, 2007.

J. C. Olsson, A. Westerdahl, P. L. Conway, and S. Kjelleberg, Intestinal colonization 562 potential of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)-and dab (Limandalimanda)-associated 563 bacteria with inhibitory effects against Vibrio anguillarum, 1992.

O. H. Pattee, Eggshell thickness and reproduction in American kestrels exposed to chronic dietary lead, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.29-34, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01055643

A. Pilastro, L. Congiu, L. Tallandini, and M. Turchetto, The use of bird feathers for the monitoring of cadmium pollution, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.77, issue.3, pp.355-358, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01128733

A. S. Prasad, Zinc and immunity, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol.188, issue.1/2, pp.63-69, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1006868305749

R. P. Prasanthi, C. B. Devi, D. C. Basha, N. S. Reddy, and G. R. Reddy, Calcium 574 and zinc supplementation protects lead (Pb)-induced perturbations in antioxidant 575 enzymes and lipid peroxidation in developing mouse brain, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci, vol.28, pp.576-161, 2010.

L. Ranjard, E. Brothier, and S. Nazaret, Sequencing bands of ribosomal intergenic 578 spacer analysis fingerprints for characterization and microscale distribution of soil 579 bacterium populations responding to mercury spiking, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.66, pp.580-5334, 2000.

P. T. Redig, E. M. Lawler, S. Schwartz, J. L. Dunnette, B. Stephenson et al., Effects of chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of lead acetate on heme 583 synthesis and immune function in red-tailed hawks, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, vol.582, issue.21, pp.72-77, 1991.

M. Rosenthal, D. Goldberg, A. Aiello, E. Larson, and B. Foxman, Skin microbiota: Microbial community structure and its potential association with health and disease, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.11, issue.5, p.589, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.03.022

K. E. Roux and P. P. Marra, The presence and impact of environmental lead in 591 passerine birds along an urban to rural land use gradient. -Arch, 2007.

M. Martinez-bueno, Symbiotic bacteria living in the hoopoe's uropygial gland 598 prevent feather degradation, J. Exp. Biol, vol.212, pp.3621-3626, 2009.

P. Saag, V. Tilgar, R. Mänd, P. Kilgas, and M. Mägi, Plumage bacterial assemblages 600 in a breeding wild passerine: relationships with ecological factors and body condition. 601 -Microb, Ecol, vol.61, pp.740-749, 2011.

M. D. Shawkey and G. E. Hill, Feathers at a fine scale. -The Auk 121, p.652, 2004.

M. D. Shawkey, S. R. Pillai, and G. E. Hill, Chemical warfare? Effects of uropygial oil on feather-degrading bacteria, Journal of Avian Biology, vol.33, issue.4, pp.345-349, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2003.03193.x

M. D. Shawkey, S. R. Pillai, G. E. Hill, L. M. Siefferman, and S. R. Roberts, Bacteria as an Agent for Change in Structural Plumage Color: Correlational and Experimental Evidence, The American Naturalist, vol.169, issue.S1, pp.112-121, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/510100

M. O. Smith, Effects of different levels of zinc on the performance and 614 immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress, Poult. Sci, vol.82, pp.1580-1588, 2003.

T. Snoeijs, T. Dauwe, R. Pinxten, F. Vandesande, and M. Eens, Heavy metal 616 exposure affects the humoral immune response in a free-living small songbird, the 617 great tit (Parus major), Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, vol.46, pp.399-404, 2004.

B. Sugarman, Zinc and Infection, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.5, issue.1, pp.137-147, 1983.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/5.1.137

W. Vahjen, R. Pieper, and J. Zentek, Bar-Coded Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA Gene Amplicons Reveals Changes in Ileal Porcine Bacterial Communities Due to High Dietary Zinc Intake, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.76, issue.19, pp.6689-6691, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.03075-09

A. Vega-lópez, E. Amora-lazcano, E. López-lópez, O. Terrón, and J. B. Proal-nájera, Toxic effects of zinc on anaerobic microbiota from, Zimapán ReservoirAnaerobe, vol.623, issue.13, pp.65-73, 2007.

J. L. Waite, A. R. Henry, and D. H. Clayton, How effective is preening against mobile 626 ectoparasites? An experimental test with pigeons and hippoboscid flies, Int. J, 2012.

B. O. Wolf, The role of the plumage in heat transfer processes of birds. -Integr, p.631, 2000.

N. Yorinks and C. T. Atkinson, Effects of malaria on activity budgets of 633 experimentally infected juvenile apapane (Himationesanguinea). -The Auk, p.731, 2000.