G. Sagnac, Thèse, Faculté des sciences de Paris, seconde Partie : rayons secondaires dérivés des rayons de Röntgen, 1900.

M. De-broglie, Compte Rendus de l'académie des sciences, p.924, 1913.

R. Jenkins, X-ray Fluorescence Analysis, Analytical Chemistry, vol.56, issue.9, p.1099, 1984.
DOI : 10.1021/ac00273a772

A. Guinier, Théorie et technique de la radiocristallographie, Dunod : Paris, 1964.

T. R. Welberry and B. D. Butler, Diffuse X-ray Scattering from Disordered Crystals, Chemical Reviews, vol.95, issue.7, p.2369, 1995.
DOI : 10.1021/cr00039a005

D. Bazin, D. A. Sayers, and J. J. Rehr, Comparison between X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, Anomalous Wide Angle X-ray Scattering, Anomalous Small Angle X-ray Scattering, and Diffraction Anomalous Fine Structure Techniques Applied to Nanometer-Scale Metallic Clusters, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.101, issue.51, p.11040, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/jp9721311
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00431071

C. H. Jones, Methods of breast imaging, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.27, issue.4, p.463, 1982.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/27/4/001

D. Krausová, Bulletin of the Czech and Slovak Crystallographic Association, 1996.

J. Börjesson, M. Isaksson, and S. Mattsson, X-ray fluorescence analysis in medical sciences: a review, Acta Diabetologica, vol.40, issue.0, p.39, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00592-003-0024-z

L. Gerhardsson, J. Börjesson, A. Grubb, B. Hultberg, S. Mattsson et al., In vivo XRF as a means to evaluate the risk of kidney effects in lead and cadmium exposed smelter workers, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol.49, issue.5-6, p.711, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0969-8043(97)00094-8

A. V. Klein and T. W. Hambley, Platinum Drug Distribution in Cancer Cells and Tumors, Chemical Reviews, vol.109, issue.10, p.4911, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/cr9001066

A. E. Merbach and E. Toth, The Chemistry of Contrast Agents in Medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/9781118503652

J. Gao, H. Gu, and B. Xu, Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles: Design, Synthesis, and Biomedical Applications, Accounts of Chemical Research, vol.42, issue.8, p.1097, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/ar9000026

R. L. Sime and L. Meitner, A Life in Physics, 1996.

C. A. Pineda-vargas, A. L. Rodgers, and M. E. Eisa, Nuclear microscopy of human kidney stones, comparison between two population groups, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol.71, issue.3-4, p.947, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2004.04.125

A. and L. Bail, Whole powder pattern decomposition methods and applications: A retrospection, Powder Diffraction, vol.10, issue.04, p.316, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/anie.199307241

A. Bellare and R. E. Cohen, Morphology of rod stock and compression-moulded sheets of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene used in orthopaedic implants, Biomaterials, vol.17, issue.24, p.2325, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0142-9612(96)00086-5

K. Fujisaki and S. Tadano, Strain Measurement of Pure Titanium Covered With Soft Tissue Using X-Ray Diffraction, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.132, issue.3, p.31004, 2010.
DOI : 10.1115/1.4000935

A. P. Evan, J. Lingeman, F. L. Coe, and E. Worcester, Randall's plaque: Pathogenesis and role in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, Kidney International, vol.69, issue.8, p.1313, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ki.5000238

V. Sepe, G. Adamo, A. L. Fianza, C. Libetta, M. G. Giuliano et al., Henle Loop Basement Membrane as Initial Site for Randall Plaque Formation, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol.48, issue.5, p.706, 2006.
DOI : 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.07.021

D. G. Reid, G. J. Jackson, M. J. Duer, and A. L. Rodgers, Apatite in Kidney Stones is a Molecular Composite With Glycosaminoglycans and Proteins: Evidence From Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, and Relevance to Randall's Plaque, Pathogenesis and Prophylaxis, The Journal of Urology, vol.185, issue.2, p.725, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.075

N. L. Miller, The Origin and Significance of Randall's Plaque in Nephrolithiasis, The Journal of Urology, vol.186, issue.3, p.783, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2011.06.010

S. R. Khan, D. E. Rodriguez, L. B. Gower, and M. Monga, Association of Randall Plaque With Collagen Fibers and Membrane Vesicles, The Journal of Urology, vol.187, issue.3, p.1094, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.125

S. D. Blaschko, . Th, J. Chi, S. Miller, M. L. Fakra et al., 2070 MICRO ARCHITECTURE OF RANDALL PLAQUES USING ADVANCED IMAGING TECHNIQUES, The Journal of Urology, vol.189, issue.4, p.849, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.2489

S. R. Khan and B. K. Canales, Ultrastructural Investigation of Crystal Deposits in Npt2a Knockout Mice: Are They Similar to Human Randall's Plaques?, The Journal of Urology, vol.186, issue.3, p.1107, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.109

D. E. Sayers, E. A. Stern, and F. W. Lytle, New Technique for Investigating Noncrystalline Structures: Fourier Analysis of the Extended X-Ray???Absorption Fine Structure, Physical Review Letters, vol.27, issue.18, p.1204, 1971.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.27.1204

F. W. Lytle, D. E. Sayers, and E. A. Stern, Extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure technique. II. Experimental practice and selected results, Physical Review B, vol.11, issue.12, p.4825, 1975.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.11.4825

D. Bazin, C. Chappard, C. Combes, X. Carpentier, S. Rouzière et al., Diffraction techniques and vibrational spectroscopy opportunities to characterise bones, Osteoporosis International, vol.64, issue.2, p.1065, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00198-009-0868-3
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00430187

L. N. Wu, B. R. Genge, and R. E. Wuthier, Differential effects of zinc and magnesium ions on mineralization activity of phosphatidylserine calcium phosphate complexes, Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, vol.103, issue.7, p.948, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.04.004

B. Besecker, S. Bao, B. Bohacova, A. Papp, W. Sadee et al., The human zinc transporter SLC39A8 (Zip8) is critical in zinc-mediated cytoprotection in lung epithelia, AJP: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol.294, issue.6, p.1127, 2008.
DOI : 10.1152/ajplung.00057.2008

M. Daudon, C. A. Bader, and P. Jungers, Scanning microsc, p.1081, 1993.

D. Bazin, X. Carpentier, I. Brocheriou, P. Dorfmuller, S. Aubert et al., Revisiting the localisation of Zn2+ cations sorbed on pathological apatite calcifications made through X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Biochimie, vol.91, issue.10, p.1294, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.05.009
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00430286

A. Bigi, M. Gazzano, A. Ripamonti, and N. Roveri, Effect of foreign ions on the conversion of brushite and octacalcium phosphate into hydroxyapatite, Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, vol.32, issue.4, p.251, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0162-0134(88)85004-9

J. Niu, G. Yuan, Y. Liao, L. Mao, J. Zhang et al., Enhanced biocorrosion resistance and biocompatibility of degradable Mg???Nd???Zn???Zr alloy by brushite coating, Materials Science and Engineering: C, vol.33, issue.8, p.4833, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.msec.2013.08.008

F. Tamimi, B. Kumarasami, C. Doillon, U. Gbureck, D. Le-nihouannen et al., Brushite???collagen composites for bone regeneration, Acta Biomaterialia, vol.4, issue.5, p.1315, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.04.003

A. K. Rosenthal, E. Mattson, C. M. Gohr, and C. J. Hirschmugl, Characterization of articular calcium-containing crystals by synchrotron FTIR, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, vol.16, issue.11, p.1395, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.019

R. Siener, L. Netzer, and A. Hesse, Determinants of Brushite Stone Formation: A Case-Control Study, PLoS ONE, vol.67, issue.11, p.78996, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0078996.t004

M. Daudon, H. Bouzidi, and D. Bazin, Composition and morphology of phosphate stones and their relation with etiology, Urological Research, vol.73, issue.6, p.459, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00240-010-0320-3

A. Dessombz, P. Méria, D. Bazin, and M. , Prostatic Stones: Evidence of a Specific Chemistry Related to Infection and Presence of Bacterial Imprints, PLoS ONE, vol.72, issue.12, p.51691, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0051691.t002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01468504

A. Dessombz, E. Letavernier, J. Ph, D. Haymann, M. Bazin et al., Calcium Phosphate Stone Morphology Can Reliably Predict Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis, The Journal of Urology, vol.193, issue.5, p.1564, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2014.12.017
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01148416

M. Y. Donath, Targeting inflammation in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: time to start, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol.1, issue.6, p.465, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.06.012

D. Von-czarnowski, E. Denkhaus, and K. Lemke, Determination of trace element distribution in cancerous and normal human tissues by total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, vol.52, issue.7, p.1047, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0584-8547(96)01625-4

L. Benninghoff, D. Von-czarnowski, E. Denkhaus, and K. , Analysis of human tissues by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. Application of chemometrics for diagnostic cancer recognition, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, vol.52, issue.7, p.1039, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0584-8547(96)01626-6

A. A. Vazina, V. S. Gerasimov, N. P. Gorbunova, P. M. Sergienko, V. M. Shelestov et al., Non-invasive methods for express analysis of biological objects based on elemental analysis using synchrotron radiation on hair samples from animals and patients, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol.405, issue.2-3, p.454, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00172-1

E. A. Hernandez-caraballo and L. M. Marco-parra, Direct analysis of blood serum by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and application of an artificial neural network approach for cancer diagnosis, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, vol.58, issue.12, p.2205, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.sab.2003.07.003

J. Börjesson, M. Isaksson, and S. Mattsson, X-ray fluorescence analysis in medical sciences: a review, Acta Diabetologica, vol.40, issue.0, p.39, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00592-003-0024-z

S. S. Shilstein, M. Cortesi, A. Breskin, R. Chechik, D. Vartsky et al., Prostatic Zn determination for prostate cancer diagnosis???, Talanta, vol.70, issue.5, p.914, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.05.053

N. Zoeger, P. Roschger, J. G. Hofstaetter, C. Jokubonis, G. Pepponi et al., Lead accumulation in tidemark of articular cartilage, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, vol.14, issue.9, p.906, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.joca.2006.03.001

A. Kubala-kuku?, D. Bana?, J. Braziewicz, S. Gó?d?, U. Majewska et al., Analysis of elemental concentration censored distributions in breast malignant and breast benign neoplasm tissues, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, vol.62, issue.6-7, p.695, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.sab.2007.03.004

M. Podgórczyk, W. M. Kwiatek, D. Grolimund, and C. , Technical aspects of Zn microanalysis of human prostate cancer tissues and cells, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol.78, issue.10, p.53, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2009.02.011

A. C. Leskovjan, A. Lanzirotti, and L. M. Miller, Amyloid plaques in PSAPP mice bind less metal than plaques in human Alzheimer's disease, NeuroImage, vol.47, issue.4, p.1215, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.063

C. Oprea, P. J. Szalanski, M. V. Gustova, I. A. Oprea, and V. Buzguta, XRF detection limits for dental tissues of human teeth, Vacuum, vol.83, p.166, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vacuum.2009.01.054

M. Z. Kastyak, M. Szczerbowska-boruchowska, D. Adamek, B. Tomik, M. Lankosz et al., Pigmented creatine deposits in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis central nervous system tissues identified by synchrotron Fourier Transform Infrared microspectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectromicroscopy, Neuroscience, vol.166, issue.4, p.1119, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.017

A. Mersov, G. Mersov, A. Al-ebraheem, S. Cornacchi, G. Gohla et al., The differentiation of malignant and benign human breast tissue at surgical margins and biopsy using x-ray interaction data and Bayesian classification, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol.95, p.210, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2012.12.014

J. C. Soares, C. G. Canellas, M. J. Anjos, and R. T. Lopes, Multielemental analysis of samples from patients with dermatological pathologies using synchrotron radiation, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol.95, p.317, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.04.032

U. Nilsson, A. Schütz, S. Skerfving, and S. Mattsson, Cadmium in kidneys in Swedes measured in vivo using X-ray fluorescence analysis, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol.34, issue.27, p.405, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00381053

J. Böerjesson, Studies of cadmium, mercury and lead in man: the value of x-ray fluorescence measurements in vivo, 1996.

O. 'meara and J. M. , Measuring lead, mercury, and uranium by in vivo x-ray fluorescence, 1999.

J. Börjesson, M. Isaksson, and S. Mattsson, X-ray fluorescence analysis in medical sciences: a review, Acta Diabetologica, vol.40, issue.0, p.39, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00592-003-0024-z

H. Yoshii, K. Yanagihara, H. Imaseki, T. Hamano, H. Yamanishi et al., Methodology Using a Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Device for On-Site and Rapid Evaluation of Heavy-Atom Contamination in Wounds: A Model Study for Application to Plutonium Contamination, PLoS ONE, vol.99, issue.7, p.101966, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0101966.g004

V. K. Singh and P. K. Rai, Kidney stone analysis techniques and the role of major and trace elements on their pathogenesis: a review, Biophysical Reviews, vol.131, issue.3-4, p.291, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s12551-014-0144-4