J. J. Azzarello, D. A. Smale, T. J. Langlois, and &. E. Håkansson, Linking habitat characteristics to abundance patterns of canopy-forming macroalgae and sea urchins in southwest Australia, Marine Biology Research, vol.17, issue.7, pp.682-693, 2014.
DOI : 10.3354/meps298143

A. P. Bedford and . Moore, Macrofaunal involvement in the sublittoral decay of kelp debris: the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin and Milne-Edwards) (Annelida: Polychaeta), Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.20, issue.2, pp.117-134, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0272-7714(85)90033-2

T. Bekkby, E. Rinde, H. Gundersen, K. M. Norderhaug, J. K. Gitmark et al., Length, strength and water flow: relative importance of wave and current exposure on morphology in kelp Laminaria hyperborea, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.506, pp.61-70, 2014.
DOI : 10.3354/meps10778

J. J. Bell, M. Burton, B. Bullimore, P. B. Newman, and &. K. Lock, Morphological monitoring of subtidal sponge assemblages, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.311, pp.79-91, 2006.
DOI : 10.3354/meps311079

&. H. Davoult and . Christie, Canopy interactions and physical stress gradients in subtidal communities, Ecology Letters, vol.18, pp.677-686, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01203209

J. L. Birrien, M. V. Wafar, P. L. Corre, and &. R. Riso, Nutrients and primary production in a shallow stratified ecosystem in the Iroise Sea, Journal of Plankton Research, vol.13, issue.4, pp.721-742, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/plankt/13.4.721

J. F. Bruno and . Bertness, Habitat modification and facilitation in benthic marine communities, Marine Community Ecology, pp.201-218, 2001.

N. Thiel, S. Valdivia, &. K. Yoon, and . Reise, Mytilid mussels: global habitat engineers in coastal sediments, Helgoland Marine Research, vol.63, pp.47-58, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00478115

C. A. Cárdenas, S. K. Davy, and &. J. Bell, Influence of canopyforming algae on temperate sponge assemblages, Journal of the Marine e.Proofing http, p.24, 2015.

J. C. Castilla, R. Guiñez, A. U. Caro, and &. V. Ortiz, Invasion of a rocky intertidal shore by the tunicate Pyura praeputialis in the Bay of Antofagasta, Chile, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.23, pp.8517-8524, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0401921101

M. G. Chapman and . Underwood, Experiments on effects of sampling biota under intertidal and shallow subtidal boulders, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.207, issue.1-2, pp.103-126, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02652-4

H. Christie, S. Fredriksen, and &. E. Rinde, Regrowth of kelp and colonization of epiphyte and fauna community after kelp trawling at the coast of Norway, Hydrobiologia, vol.375376, pp.49-58, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-2864-5_4

H. Christie, N. M. Jørgensen, K. M. Norderhaug, and &. E. Waage-nielsen, Species distribution and habitat exploitation of fauna associated with kelp (Laminaria Hyperborea) along the Norwegian Coast, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, vol.83, issue.4, pp.687-699, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/S0025315403007653h

H. Christie, N. M. Jørgensen, and &. K. Norderhaug, Bushy or smooth, high or low; importance of habitat architecture and vertical position for distribution of fauna on kelp, Journal of Sea Research, vol.58, issue.3, pp.198-208, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.seares.2007.03.006

H. Christie, K. M. Norderhaug, and &. S. Fredriksen, Macrophytes as habitat for fauna, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.396, pp.221-233, 2009.
DOI : 10.3354/meps08351

K. R. Clarke and . Ainsworth, A method of linking multivariate community structure to environmental variables, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.92, pp.205-219, 1993.
DOI : 10.3354/meps092205

K. R. Clarke and . Warwick, Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical and Interpretation, 2001.

K. R. Clarke, P. J. Somerfield, and &. M. Chapman, On resemblance measures for ecological studies, including taxonomic dissimilarities and a zero-adjusted Bray???Curtis coefficient for denuded assemblages, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.330, issue.1, pp.55-80, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.017

R. Coma, M. Ribes, J. Gili, and &. M. Zabala, Seasonality in coastal benthic ecosystems, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.15, issue.11, pp.448-453, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01970-4

S. D. Connell, Negative effects overpower the positive of kelp to exclude invertebrates from the understorey community, Oecologia, vol.137, issue.1, pp.97-103, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-003-1312-6

S. D. Connell, Assembly and maintenance of subtidal habitat heterogeneity: synergistic effects of light penetration and sedimentation, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.289, pp.53-61, 2005.
DOI : 10.3354/meps289053

S. Connell, M. Foster, and &. L. Airoldi, What are algal turfs? Towards a better description of turfs, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.495, pp.299-307, 2014.
DOI : 10.3354/meps10513

D. J. Crisp, Energy flow measurements, 1984.

. Mcintyre, Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos, pp.197-279

R. L. Dean and . Connell, Marine invertebrates in an algal succession. I. Variations in abundance and diversity with succession, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.109, issue.3, pp.195-215, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(87)90055-4

R. L. Dean and . Connell, Marine invertebrates in an algal succession. III. Mechanisms linking habitat complexity with diversity, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.109, issue.3, pp.249-273, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(87)90057-8

B. J. Downes, P. Lake, E. Schreiber, and &. A. Glaister, HABITAT STRUCTURE AND REGULATION OF LOCAL SPECIES DIVERSITY IN A STONY, UPLAND STREAM, Ecological Monographs, vol.68, issue.2, pp.237-257, 1998.
DOI : 10.1071/MF9860121

S. Dubois, C. Retière, and &. F. Olivier, Biodiversity associated with Sabellaria alveolata (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) reefs: effects of human disturbances, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, vol.82, issue.5, pp.817-826, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/S0025315402006185

J. M. Gee and . Warwick, Body-size distribution in a marine metazoan community and the fractal dimensions of macroalgae, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.178, pp.247-259, 1994.

M. J. Gibbons, The impact of sediment accumulations, relative habitat complexity and elevation on rocky shore meiofauna, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.122, issue.3, pp.225-241, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(88)90125-6

M. H. Graham, Effects of Local Deforestation on the Diversity and Structure of Southern California Giant Kelp Forest Food Webs, Ecosystems, vol.7, issue.4, pp.341-357, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s10021-003-0245-6

A. V. Graham and . Fretter, The Life History of Patina Pellucida (L.), Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol.22, issue.04, 1947.
DOI : 10.1017/S0025315400013783

C. H. Greene and . Schoener, Succession on marine hard substrata: A fixed lottery, Oecologia, vol.19, issue.3, pp.289-297, 1982.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00376914

S. D. Hacker and . Steneck, Habitat Architecture and the Abundance and Body-Size-Dependent Habitat Selection of a Phytal Amphipod, Ecology, vol.71, issue.6, pp.2269-2285, 1990.
DOI : 10.2307/1938638

M. E. Hay, The Functional Morphology of Turf-Forming Seaweeds: Persistence in Stressful Marine Habitats, Ecology, vol.62, issue.3, pp.739-750, 1981.
DOI : 10.2307/1937742

C. F. Hily and . Jean, Macrobenthic biodiversity in intertidal habitats of the Iroise Biosphere Reserve (Brittany, France), Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol.8, issue.02, pp.311-323, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(84)90177-1

D. J. Jones, ??kologische Studien an Populationen von Makro-Invertebraten auf verunreinigten Seetang-W??ldern in der Nordsee, Helgol??nder Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, vol.17, issue.1, pp.417-441, 1971.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01611128

D. J. Jones, Variation in the trophic structure and species composition of some invertebrate communities in polluted kelp forests in the North Sea, Marine Biology, vol.12, issue.7, pp.351-365, 1973.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00354277

N. M. Jørgensen and . Christie, Diurnal, horizontal and vertical dispersal of kelp-associated fauna, Hydrobiologia, vol.503, issue.1-3, pp.69-76, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008491.89382.e5

J. Leclerc, P. Riera, M. Laurans, C. Leroux, L. Lévêque et al., Community, trophic structure and functioning in two contrasting Laminaria hyperborea forests, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.152, pp.11-22, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecss.2014.11.005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01207870

J. T. Lee, J. Widdows, M. B. Jones, and &. R. Coleman, Settlement of megalopae and early juveniles of the velvet swimming crab Necora puber (Decapoda: Portunidae) in flow conditions, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.272, pp.191-202, 2004.
DOI : 10.3354/meps272191

M. M. Littler and . Littler, Relationships between macroalgal functional form groups and substrata stability in a subtropical rocky-intertidal system, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.74, issue.1, pp.13-34, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(84)90035-2

M. M. Littler, D. R. Martz, and &. S. Littler, Effects of recurrent sand deposition on rocky intertidal organisms: importance of substrate heterogeneity in a fluctuating environment, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.11, pp.129-139, 1983.
DOI : 10.3354/meps011129

K. L?ning, (Phaeophyta): a photoperiodic response, British Phycological Journal, vol.17, issue.3, pp.269-273, 1986.
DOI : 10.1080/00071618000650301

R. H. Macarthur and . Macarthur, On Bird Species Diversity, Ecology, vol.42, issue.3, pp.594-598, 1961.
DOI : 10.2307/1932254

M. Maldonado, K. Giraud, and &. C. Carmona, Effects of sediment on the survival of asexually produced sponge recruits, Marine Biology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.631-641, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00227-008-0956-5

K. M. Martin-smith, Abundance of mobile epifauna: The role of habitat complexity and predation by fishes, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.174, issue.2, pp.243-260, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(93)90020-O

M. I. Mccormick, Comparison of field methods for measuring surface topography and their associations with a tropical reef fish assemblage, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.112, pp.87-96, 1994.
DOI : 10.3354/meps112087

K. A. Mcguinness and . Underwood, Habitat structure and the e.Proofing http, p.24, 1986.

C. K. Mcquaid and . Dower, Enhancement of habitat heterogeneity and species richness on rocky shores inundated by sand, Oecologia, vol.16, issue.1, pp.142-144, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00665608

R. J. Miller and . Page, Kelp as a trophic resource for marine suspension feeders: a review of isotope-based evidence, Marine Biology, vol.17, issue.7, pp.1391-1402, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00227-012-1929-2

A. J. Miller-rushing, T. T. Høye, D. W. Inouye, and &. E. Post, The effects of phenological mismatches on demography, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.143, issue.10, pp.3177-3186, 2010.
DOI : 10.3732/ajb.94.10.1696

P. G. Moore, The kelp fauna of northeast Britain. II. Multivariate classification: Turbidity as an ecological factor, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.13, issue.2, pp.127-163, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(73)90074-9

H. Mcgill, D. Olff, &. T. Storch, and . Zillio, Taking species abundance distributions beyond individuals, Ecology Letters, vol.12, pp.488-501, 2009.

K. M. Norderhaug, Use of red algae as hosts by kelp-associated amphipods, Marine Biology, vol.144, issue.2, pp.225-230, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00227-003-1192-7

K. M. Norderhaug, H. Christie, and &. E. Rinde, Colonisation of kelp imitations by epiphyte and holdfast fauna; a study of mobility patterns, Marine Biology, vol.61, issue.261, pp.965-973, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00227-002-0893-7

K. M. Norderhaug, H. Christie, J. H. Fossa, and &. S. Fredriksen, Fish???macrofauna interactions in a kelp ( Laminaria hyperborea ) forest, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, vol.85, issue.05, pp.1279-1286, 2005.
DOI : 10.1017/S0025315405012439

K. M. Norderhaug, H. Christie, and &. S. Fredriksen, Is habitat size an e.Proofing http, p.24, 2007.

K. M. Norderhaug, H. Christie, E. Rinde, H. Gundersen, and &. T. Bekkby, Importance of wave and current exposure to fauna communities in Laminaria hyperborea kelp forests, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.502, pp.295-301, 2014.
DOI : 10.3354/meps10754

T. A. Norton, K. Hiscock, and &. J. Kitching, The Ecology of Lough Ine: XX. The Laminaria Forest at Carrigathorna, The Journal of Ecology, vol.65, issue.3, pp.919-941, 1977.
DOI : 10.2307/2259386

K. W. Ockelmann and . Nielsen, in the ??resund, Ophelia, vol.13, issue.1, pp.1-16, 1981.
DOI : 10.5962/bhl.title.42224

V. J. Paul, R. Ritson-williams, and &. K. Sharp, Marine chemical ecology in benthic environments, Nat. Prod. Rep., vol.212, issue.2, pp.345-387, 2011.
DOI : 10.1039/C0NP00040J

A. Prathep, R. H. Marrs, and &. T. Norton, Spatial and temporal variations in sediment accumulation in an algal turf and their impact on associated fauna, Marine Biology, vol.142, issue.2, pp.381-390, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00227-002-0940-4

E. Rasmussen, Systematics and ecology of the Isefjord marine fauna (Denmark), Ophelia, vol.10, issue.1, pp.1-507, 1973.
DOI : 10.1017/S0025315400023298

D. C. Reed and . Foster, The Effects of Canopy Shadings on Algal Recruitment and Growth in a Giant Kelp Forest, Ecology, vol.65, issue.3, pp.937-948, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/1938066

E. K. Rinde and . Sjøtun, Demographic variation in the kelp Laminaria hyperborea along a latitudinal gradient, Marine Biology, vol.29, issue.6, pp.1051-1062, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00227-004-1513-5

G. Schaal, P. Riera, and &. C. Leroux, Trophic significance of the kelp Laminaria digitata (Lamour.) for the associated food web: a between-sites comparison, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.85, issue.4, pp.565-572, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.09.027
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01255981

G. Schaal, J. Leclerc, G. Droual, C. Leroux, and &. P. Riera, Biodiversity and trophic structure of invertebrate assemblages associated with understory red algae in a Laminaria digitata bed, Marine Biology Research, 2016.

K. Schultze, K. Janke, A. Krüss, and &. W. Weidemann, The macrofauna and macroflora associated withLaminaria digitata andL. hyperborea at the island of Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea), Helgol??nder Meeresuntersuchungen, vol.13, issue.Suppl., pp.39-51, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02365430

R. R. Seed and . Connor, Community Organization in Marine Algal Epifaunas, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.12, issue.1, pp.49-74, 1981.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.12.110181.000405

D. A. Smale, M. T. Burrows, P. Moore, N. O-'connor, and &. S. Hawkins, Threats and knowledge gaps for ecosystem services provided by kelp forests: a northeast Atlantic perspective, Ecology and Evolution, vol.29, issue.355, pp.4016-4038, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/ece3.774

A. J. Sournia and . Birrien, La série océanographique côtière de Roscoff (Manche occidentale) de 1985 à 1992, Cahiers de Biologie Marine, vol.36, pp.1-8, 1995.

. Cattaneo-vietti, Habitat-diversity relationships in rocky shore algal turf infaunal communities, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.424, pp.119-132, 2011.

M. &. Tokeshi and . Arakaki, Habitat complexity in aquatic systems: fractals and beyond, Hydrobiologia, vol.366, issue.1, pp.27-47, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s10750-011-0832-z

G. B. Toth and . Pavia, Lack of phlorotannin induction in the kelp Laminaria hyperborea in response to grazing by two gastropod herbivores, Marine Biology, vol.140, pp.403-409, 2002.

E. Waage-nielsen, H. Christie, and &. E. Rinde, Short-term dispersal of kelp fauna to cleared (kelp-harvested) areas, Hydrobiologia, vol.503, issue.1-3, pp.77-91, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008490.51745.a9

M. V. Wafar, P. Le-corre, and &. J. Birrien, Nutrients and primary production in permanently well-mixed temperate coastal waters, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.17, issue.4, pp.431-446, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0272-7714(83)90128-2

T. N. Wernberg and . Goldberg, Short-term temporal dynamics of algal species in a subtidal kelp bed in relation to changes in environmental conditions and canopy biomass, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.76, issue.2, pp.265-272, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.07.008

A. Whittick, Spatial and temporal distributions of dominant e.Proofing http, p.24, 1983.

J. L. Wulff, Ecological interactions of marine sponges, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol.84, issue.2, pp.146-166, 2006.
DOI : 10.1139/z06-019