D. Crabtree and B. Butler, Notes on experiments on flint knapping, Tebiwa, vol.7, issue.1, pp.1-6, 1964.

J. Flenniken and E. Garrison, Thermally Altered Novaculite and Stone Tool Manufacturing Techniques, Journal of Field Archaeology, vol.2, pp.125-156, 1975.
DOI : 10.1179/009346975791491303

M. Mandeville and J. Flenniken, A Comparison of the Flaking Qualities of Nehawka Chert Before and After Thermal Pretreatment, Plains Anthroplogist, vol.19, pp.146-154, 1974.

K. Brown, C. Marean, A. Herries, Z. Jacobs, C. Tribolo et al., Fire As an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans, Science, vol.325, issue.5942, pp.859-62, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1175028

V. Mourre, P. Villa, and C. Henshilwood, Early Use of Pressure Flaking on Lithic Artifacts at Blombos Cave, South Africa, Science, vol.330, issue.6004, pp.659-62, 2010.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1195550

M. Summerfield, Petrography and Diagenesis of Silcrete from the Kalahari Basin And Cape Coastal Zone, Southern Africa, SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research, vol.53, issue.3, pp.895-909, 1983.
DOI : 10.1306/212F82E2-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D

C. Henshilwood, Late Pleistocene Techno-traditions in Southern Africa: A Review of the Still Bay and Howiesons Poort, c. 75???59??ka, Journal of World Prehistory, vol.54, issue.169, pp.205-242, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s10963-012-9060-3

S. Mcbrearty and A. Brooks, The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior, Journal of Human Evolution, vol.39, issue.5, pp.453-563, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/jhev.2000.0435

P. Schmidt, G. Porraz, L. Bellot-gurlet, E. February, B. Ligouis et al., A previously undescribed organic residue sheds light on heat treatment in the Middle Stone Age, Journal of Human Evolution, vol.85, pp.22-34, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.05.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01345904

L. Wadley and L. Prinsloo, Experimental heat treatment of silcrete implies analogical reasoning in the Middle Stone Age, Journal of Human Evolution, vol.70, pp.49-60, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.11.003

P. Schmidt, G. Porraz, A. Slodczyk, L. Bellot-gurlet, W. Archer et al., Heat treatment in the South African Middle Stone Age: temperature induced transformations of silcrete and their technological implications, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.40, issue.9, pp.3519-3550, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2012.10.016

S. Bentsen, Controlling the heat: an experimental approach to Middle Stone Age pyrotechnology, South African Archaeological Bulletin, vol.68, pp.137-182, 0198.

C. Henshilwood, K. Van-niekerk, S. Wurz, A. Delagnes, S. Armitage et al., Klipdrift Shelter, southern Cape, South Africa: preliminary report on the Howiesons Poort layers, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.45, pp.284-303, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2014.01.033

P. Schmidt and A. Mackay, Why Was Silcrete Heat-Treated in the Middle Stone Age? An Early Transformative Technology in the Context of Raw Material Use at Mertenhof Rock Shelter, South Africa, PLOS ONE, vol.34, issue.5, p.26867145, 2016.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0149243.t003

C. Henshilwood, F. Errico, C. Marean, R. Milo, and R. Yates, An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa: implications for the origins of modern human behaviour, symbolism and language, Journal of Human Evolution, vol.41, issue.6, pp.631-78, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/jhev.2001.0515

C. Henshilwood, F. Errico, R. Yates, Z. Jacobs, C. Tribolo et al., Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa, Science, vol.295, issue.5558, pp.1278-80, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1067575
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00445308

F. Errico, C. Henshilwood, M. Vanhaeren, and K. Van-niekerk, Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age, Journal of Human Evolution, vol.48, issue.1, p.15656934, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00452067

C. Henshilwood, F. Errico, and I. Watts, Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa, Journal of Human Evolution, vol.57, issue.1, pp.27-47, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.005

C. Henshilwood, F. Errico, V. Niekerk, K. Coquinot, Y. Jacobs et al., 000- year-old ochre-processing workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa, Science, vol.100, issue.3346053, pp.219-241, 2011.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1211535

K. Brown, C. Marean, Z. Jacobs, B. Schoville, S. Oestmo et al., An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa, Nature, vol.1, issue.7425, pp.590-593, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nature11660

W. Archer, P. Gunz, K. Van-niekerk, C. Henshilwood, and S. Mcpherron, Diachronic Change within the Still Bay at Blombos Cave, South Africa, PLOS ONE, vol.122, issue.2, p.26134976, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0132428.s001

G. Porraz, P. Texier, W. Archer, M. Piboule, J. Rigaud et al., Technological successions in the Middle Stone Age sequence of Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.40, issue.9, pp.3376-400, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.012

P. Texier, G. Porraz, J. Parkington, J. Rigaud, C. Poggenpoel et al., A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.107, issue.14, pp.6180-6185, 2010.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0913047107
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00505498

L. Dayet, P. Texier, F. Daniel, and G. Porraz, Ochre resources from the Middle Stone Age sequence of Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.40, issue.9, pp.3492-505, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2013.01.025

M. Igreja and G. Porraz, Functional insights into the innovative Early Howiesons Poort technology at Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa), Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.40, issue.9, pp.3475-91, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.026

C. Marean, M. Bar-matthews, J. Bernatchez, E. Fisher, P. Goldberg et al., Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene, Nature, vol.21, issue.7164, pp.905-913, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nature06204

P. Villa, M. Soressi, C. Henshilwood, and V. Mourre, The Still Bay points of Blombos Cave (South Africa), Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.36, issue.2, pp.441-60, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.028
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00573701

S. Bentsen, Using Pyrotechnology: Fire-related Features and Activities with a Focus on the African Middle Stone Age, Journal of Archaeological Research, vol.15, issue.2, pp.141-75, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s10814-013-9069-x

C. Miller, P. Goldberg, and F. Berna, Geoarchaeological investigations at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.40, issue.9, pp.3432-52, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.014

P. Goldberg, C. Miller, S. Schiegl, B. Ligouis, F. Berna et al., Bedding, hearths, and site maintenance in the Middle Stone Age of Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, vol.20, issue.78, pp.95-122, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s12520-009-0008-1

A. Mercieca and P. Hiscock, Experimental insights into alternative strategies of lithic heat treatment, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.35, issue.9, pp.2634-2643, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2008.04.021

D. Roberts, Age, genesis and significance of Soutth African coastal belt silcretes. Pretoria: Council for Geoscience, 2003.

M. Domanski and J. Webb, Effect of heat treatment on siliceous rocks used in prehistoric lithic technology, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.19, issue.6, pp.601-615, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0305-4403(92)90031-W

A. Mercieca, Burnt and broken: An experimental study of heat fracturing in silcrete, Australian Archaeology, vol.51, issue.1, pp.40-47, 2000.
DOI : 10.1080/03122417.2000.11681679

D. Schindler, J. Hatch, C. Hay, and R. Bradt, Aboriginal Thermal Alteration of a Central Pennsylvania Jasper: Analytical and Behavioral Implications, American Antiquity, vol.47, issue.03, pp.526-570, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/280233

M. Bass, Handbook of optics Geometrical and physical optics, polarized light, components and intruments. 3 ed, 2009.

P. Schmidt, A. Badou, and F. Frö-hlich, Detailed FT near-infrared study of the behaviour of water and hydroxyl in sedimentary length-fast chalcedony, SiO2, upon heat treatment, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol.81, issue.1, pp.552-561, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.saa.2011.06.050

P. Schmidt, S. Masse, G. Laurent, A. Slodczyk, L. Bourhis et al., Crystallographic and structural transformations of sedimentary chalcedony in flint upon heat treatment, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.39, issue.1, pp.135-179, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2011.09.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01461428

P. Schmidt, C. Paris, and L. Bellot-gurlet, The investment in time needed for heat treatment of flint and chert, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, vol.21, issue.9, pp.1-10
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.05.001

P. Schmidt, What causes failure (overheating) during lithic heat treatment?, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, vol.13, issue.2, pp.107-119, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s12520-013-0162-3

G. Taylor, D. Teichmüller, C. Diessel, R. Littke, and P. Robert, Organic Petrology. Berlin: Gerbrü der Borntraeger, 1998.

S. Soriano, P. Villa, and L. Wadley, Blade technology and tool forms in the Middle Stone Age of South Africa: the Howiesons Poort and post-Howiesons Poort at Rose Cottage Cave, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.34, issue.5, pp.681-703, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2006.06.017

P. Villa, S. Soriano, N. Teyssandier, and S. Wurz, The Howiesons Poort and MSA III at Klasies River main site, Cave 1A, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.37, issue.3, pp.630-55, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.028
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00459946

S. Wurz, Variability in the Middle Stone Age Lithic Sequence000 Years Ago at Klasies River, South Africa, Journal of Achaeological Science, vol.115, issue.29, pp.0-601001, 2001.

T. Hester, Ethnographic Evidence for the Thermal Alteration of Siliceous Stone, Tebiwa, vol.15, pp.63-68, 1972.

M. Mandeville, A consideration of the thermal pretreatment of chert, Plains Anthropologist, vol.18, pp.177-202, 1973.

E. Man, On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. (Part I.). The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, pp.69-116, 1883.

T. Robinson, A Survival of Flake-technique in southern Rhodesia, Man, vol.38, issue.224, 1938.

R. Guilbert, Les systèmes de débitage de trois sites sauveterriens dans le sud-est de la France Bulletin de la Société Pré historique Française, pp.463-78, 2003.
DOI : 10.3406/bspf.2003.12867
URL : http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/bspf_0249-7638_2003_num_100_3_12867.pdf

M. Domanski, J. Webb, and J. Boland, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STONE ARTEFACT MATERIALS AND THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT, Archaeometry, vol.90, issue.3, pp.177-208, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0148-9062(70)90013-6

P. Schmidt, S. Masse, G. Laurent, A. Slodcyk, L. Bourhis et al., Crystallographic and structural transformations of sedimentary chalcedony in flint upon heat treatment, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.39, issue.1, pp.135-179, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2011.09.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01461428

D. Nash, S. Coulson, S. Staurset, J. Ullyott, M. Babutsi et al., Provenancing of silcrete raw materials indicates long-distance transport to Tsodilo Hills, Botswana, during the Middle Stone Age, Journal of Human Evolution, vol.64, issue.4, pp.280-288, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.010

P. Schmidt, The 'sand-bath' and lithic heat treatment in the South African Middle Stone Age: myth or reality? African Archaeological Review, 2016.

J. Flenniken, The Paleolithic Dyuktai pressure blade technique of Siberia, Artic Anthropology, vol.24, issue.2, pp.117-149, 1987.

J. Tixier and M. Inizan, L'e ´mergence des arts du feu: le traitement thermique des roches siliceuses. Palé orient, pp.23-36, 2000.
DOI : 10.3406/paleo.2000.4707
URL : http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/paleo_0153-9345_2000_num_26_2_4707.pdf

K. Brown, The Sword in the Stone: Lithic Raw Material Exploitation in the Middle Stone Age at Pinnacle Point Site 5?6, Southern Cape, 2011.

F. Bordes and . Traitement-thermique-du-silex-au-solutré-en, Bulletin de la Société Pré historique Française, 1969.

M. Collins, Observations on the thermal treatment of chert in the Solutrean of Laugerie Haute, France., Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, pp.461-464, 1973.
DOI : 10.2307/2791556

D. Binder and C. Perlès, Stratégies de gestion des outillages lithiques au Né olithique, Paléo, vol.2, pp.257-83, 1990.

V. Léa and . Raw, Raw, pre-heated or ready to use: discovering specialist supply systems for flint industries in mid-Neolithic (Chassey culture) communities in southern France, Antiquity, vol.79, issue.303, pp.51-65, 2005.
DOI : 10.1017/S0003598X00113699

T. Aubry, M. Almeida, J. Neves, M. Walter, and B. , Solutrean Laurel Leaf point production and raw material procurement during the Last Glacial Maximum in southern Europe: two examples from central France and Portugal, Multiple approaches to the study of bifacial technologies, pp.165-82, 2003.

L. Wadley, Compound???Adhesive Manufacture as a Behavioral Proxy for Complex Cognition in the Middle Stone Age, Current Anthropology, vol.51, issue.S1, pp.111-120, 2010.
DOI : 10.1086/649836

A. Charrié-duhaut, G. Porraz, C. Cartwright, M. Igreja, J. Connan et al., First molecular identification of a hafting adhesive in the Late Howiesons Poort at Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa), Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.40, issue.9, pp.3506-3524, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.026

M. Lombard, Direct evidence for the use of ochre in the hafting technology of Middle Stone Age tools from Sibudu Cave. Southern African Humanities, pp.56-67, 2006.

L. Wadley, T. Hodgskiss, and M. Grant, Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.24, pp.9590-9594, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0900957106

M. Lombard and M. Haidle, Thinking a Bow-and-arrow Set: Cognitive Implications of Middle Stone Age Bow and Stone-tipped Arrow Technology, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, vol.22, issue.02, pp.237-64, 2012.
DOI : 10.1017/S095977431200025X

M. Lombard and L. Phillipson, Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64 000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Antiquity, vol.62, issue.325, pp.635-683, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006