R. Jones and M. Pfaller, Bacterial resistance: A worldwide problem. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, pp.379-388, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/s0732-8893(98)00037-6

J. Martinez, The role of natural environments in the evolution of resistance traits in pathogenic bacteria, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.362, issue.2-3, pp.2521-2530, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.039

P. Bradford, Extended-Spectrum ??-Lactamases in the 21st Century: Characterization, Epidemiology, and Detection of This Important Resistance Threat, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.14, issue.4, pp.933-951, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.14.4.933-951.2001

R. Canton, J. Gonzalez-alba, and J. Galan, CTX-M Enzymes: Origin and Diffusion, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.3, 2012.
DOI : 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00110

R. Canton and T. Coque, The CTX-M ??-lactamase pandemic, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.9, issue.5, pp.466-475, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mib.2006.08.011

F. Baquero, V. Lanza, R. Canton, and T. Coque, Public health evolutionary biology of antimicrobial resistance: Priorities for intervention. Evolutionary Applications, p.25861381

P. Herindrainy, F. Randrianirina, R. Ratovoson, R. Hariniana, E. Buisson et al., Rectal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacilli in Community Settings in Madagascar, PLoS ONE, vol.65, issue.5, p.21829498, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0022738.t002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00614552

E. Wellington, A. Boxall, P. Cross, E. Feil, W. Gaze et al., The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.13, issue.2, pp.155-65
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70317-1

B. A. Rogers, H. Sidjabat, and D. Paterson, Escherichia coli O25b-ST131: a pandemic, multiresistant, community-associated strain, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.66, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkq415
URL : http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/66/1/1

A. Mathers, G. Peirano, and J. Pitout, The Role of Epidemic Resistance Plasmids and International High-Risk Clones in the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.28, issue.3, pp.565-591, 2015.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.00116-14

P. Huijbers, H. Blaak, D. Jong, M. Graat, E. Vandenbroucke-grauls et al., Role of the Environment in the Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance to Humans: A Review, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.49, issue.20, pp.11993-12004, 2015.
DOI : 10.1021/acs.est.5b02566

J. Mcarthur and R. Tuckfield, Spatial Patterns in Antibiotic Resistance among Stream Bacteria: Effects of Industrial Pollution Spatial Patterns in Antibiotic Resistance among Stream Bacteria: Effects of Industrial Pollution, pp.3722-3726, 2000.

D. Graham, S. Olivares-rieumont, C. Knapp, L. Lima, D. Werner et al., Antibiotic Resistance Gene Abundances Associated with Waste Discharges to the Almendares River near Havana, Cuba, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.45, issue.2, pp.418-442, 2011.
DOI : 10.1021/es102473z

L. Guardabassi, L. Wong, D. Dalsgaard, and A. , The effects of tertiary wastewater treatment on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, Water Research, vol.36, issue.8, pp.1955-64, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00429-8

M. Ferreira-da-silva, I. Tiago, A. Veríssimo, R. Boaventura, R. Nunes et al., Antibiotic resistance of enterococci and related bacteria in an urban wastewater treatment plant, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol.55, issue.2, pp.322-331, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2005.00032.x

C. Bréchet, J. Plantin, M. Sauget, M. Thouverez, D. Talon et al., Wastewater Treatment Plants Release Large Amounts of Extended-Spectrum ??-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Into the Environment, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.58, issue.12, pp.1658-1665, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/cid/ciu190

H. Blaak, D. Kruijf, P. Hamidjaja, R. , V. Hoek et al., Prevalence and characteristics of ESBL-producing E. coli in Dutch recreational waters influenced by wastewater treatment plants, Veterinary Microbiology, vol.171, issue.3-4, pp.448-459, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.007

S. Galvin, F. Boyle, P. Hickey, A. Vellinga, D. Morris et al., Enumeration and Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteria in Effluent from Municipal, Hospital, and Secondary Treatment Facility Sources, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.76, issue.14, pp.4772-4781, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.02898-09

E. Korzeniewska, A. Korzeniewska, and M. Harnisz, Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in hospital and municipal sewage and their emission to the environment, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.91, pp.96-102, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.01.014

. Comité-de-bassin-de-la-guadeloupe, Gestion de l'eau en Guadeloupe: les sources de pollution Available, 2010.

S. Francaise-de-microbiologie, Comité de l'Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie: Communiqué 2013, 2013.

M. Saladin, V. Cao, T. Lambert, J. Donay, J. Herrmann et al., Diversity of CTX-M beta-lactamases and their promoter regions from Enterobacteriaceae isolated in three Parisian hospitals, FEMS Microbiol Lett, vol.209, pp.161-169, 2002.

C. Eckert, V. Gautier, N. Hidri, C. Verdet, G. Barnaud et al., Dissemination of CTX-M-Type ??-Lactamases among Clinical Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Paris, France, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.48, issue.4, pp.1249-1255, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.48.4.1249-1255.2004

G. Arlet and M. Rouveau, Substitution of alanine for aspartate at position 179 in the SHV-6 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. FEMS microbiology letters, pp.163-170, 1997.

C. Dallenne, D. Costa, A. Decré, D. Favier, C. Arlet et al., Development of a set of multiplex PCR assays for the detection of genes encoding important ??-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.65, issue.3, pp.490-495, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkp498

C. Dallenne, A. Da-costa, D. Decré, C. Favier, and G. Arlet, Development of a set of multiplex PCR assays for the detection of genes encoding important ??-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.65, issue.3, pp.490-495, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkp498

N. Guessennd, S. Bremont, V. Gbonon, . Kacou-ndouba-a, E. Ekaza et al., R??sistance aux quinolones de type qnr chez les ent??robact??ries productrices de b??ta-lactamases ?? spectre ??largi ?? Abidjan en C??te d???Ivoire, Pathologie Biologie, vol.56, issue.7-8, pp.439-485, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.07.025

O. Clermont, S. Bonacorsi, and E. Bingen, Rapid and Simple Determination of the Escherichia coli Phylogenetic Group, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.66, issue.10, pp.4555-4558, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.66.10.4555-4558.2000

O. Clermont, H. Dhanji, M. Upton, T. Gibreel, A. Fox et al., Rapid detection of the O25b-ST131 clone of Escherichia coli encompassing the CTX-M-15-producing strains, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.64, issue.2, pp.274-281, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkp194

R. Development and C. Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2010.

P. Servais and J. Passerat, Antimicrobial resistance of fecal bacteria in waters of the Seine river watershed (France), Science of The Total Environment, vol.408, issue.2, pp.365-72, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.042

A. Pruden, M. Arabi, and H. Storteboom, Correlation Between Upstream Human Activities and Riverine Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.46, issue.21, pp.11541-11550, 2012.
DOI : 10.1021/es302657r

Y. Zhang, C. Marrs, C. Simon, and C. Xi, Wastewater treatment contributes to selective increase of antibiotic resistance among Acinetobacter spp., Science of The Total Environment, vol.407, issue.12, pp.3702-3708, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.013

T. Akiyama and M. Savin, Populations of antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria change rapidly in a wastewater effluent dominated stream, Science of The Total Environment, vol.408, issue.24, pp.6192-6201, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.055

M. Goñi-urriza, M. Capdepuy, C. Arpin, R. N. , P. Caumette et al., Impact of an Urban Effluent on Antibiotic Resistance of Riverine Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas spp., Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.66, issue.1, pp.125-132, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.66.1.125-132.2000

J. Watkinson-a, G. Micalizzi, G. Graham, J. Bates, and S. Costanzo, Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in Wastewaters, Surface Waters, and Oysters from an Urban Riverine System, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.73, issue.17, pp.5667-70, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00763-07

S. Harris, C. Morris, D. Morris, M. Cormican, and E. Cummins, Antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli in the municipal wastewater system: Effect of hospital effluent and environmental fate, Science of The Total Environment, vol.468, issue.469, pp.468-469
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.017

M. Röderová, M. Sedláková, V. Pudová, K. Hricová, R. Silová et al., Occurrence of bacteria producing broad-spectrum beta-lactamases and qnr genes in hospital and urban wastewater samples, New Microbiol, vol.39, pp.124-133, 2016.

G. Amos, P. Hawkey, W. Gaze, and E. Wellington, Waste water effluent contributes to the dissemination of CTX-M-15 in the natural environment, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.69, issue.7, pp.1785-1791, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dku079

B. Said, L. Jouini, A. Alonso, C. Klibi, N. Dziri et al., Characteristics of extended-spectrum ??-lactamase (ESBL)- and pAmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae of water samples in Tunisia, Science of The Total Environment, vol.550, pp.1103-1109, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.042
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01356527

S. Guyomard-rabenirina, J. Malespine, C. Ducat, S. Sadikalay, M. Falord et al., Temporal trends and risks factors for antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae urinary isolates from outpatients in Guadeloupe, BMC Microbiol, vol.16, p.27342199, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01351191

J. Mokracka, R. Koczura, and A. Kaznowski, Multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae with class 1 and class 2 integrons in a municipal wastewater treatment plant, Water Research, vol.46, issue.10, pp.3353-63, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.037

V. Diwan, S. Chandran, J. Tamhankar-a, S. Lundborg, C. Macaden et al., Identification of extended-spectrum ??-lactamase and quinolone resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from hospital wastewater from central India, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.67, issue.4, pp.857-866, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkr564

S. Lu, Y. Zhang, S. Geng, T. Li, Z. Ye et al., High Diversity of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria in an Urban River Sediment Habitat, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.76, issue.17, pp.5972-5976, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00711-10

M. Navidinia, S. Peerayeh, F. Fallah, and R. Sajadinia, Phylogenetic grouping and pathotypic comparison of urine and fecal Escherichia coli isolates from children with urinary tract infection, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, vol.45, issue.2, pp.509-514, 2014.
DOI : 10.1590/S1517-83822014000200019

M. Colomer-lluch, A. Mora, C. López, R. Mamani, G. Dahbi et al., Detection of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates belonging to clonal groups O25b:H4-B2-ST131 and O25b:H4-D-ST69 in raw sewage and river water in Barcelona, Spain, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.68, issue.4, pp.1-8, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dks477