V. Russotto, No conflict of interest Massimo Antonelli: Prof. Antonelli received grants from Toray, GE Healthcare, Orion; board and personal fees from Maquet

A. Demoule and . Prof, Demoule has signed research contracts with Covidien, Maquet and Philips; he has also received personal fees from Covidien

N. S. Hill, Prof. Hill served as a board member for ResMed (Med Advisory Board), consulted for Philips Respironics (Med Advisory Board), and received support for the development of educational presentations from Philips Respironics

S. Jaber and . Prof, Jaber reports receiving consulting fees from Drager

P. Navalesi and . Prof, Navalesi's research laboratory has received equipment and grants from Maquet Critical Care, and Intersurgical S.p.A. He also received honoraria/speaking fees from Maquet Critical Care, and Hilrom. Dr. Navalesi contributed to the development of the helmet Next, whose licence for patent belongs to Intersurgical S.p.A., and receives royalties for that invention

P. Pelosi, Prof. Pelosi is an Associate Editor for Critical Care

C. Gregoretti and . Prof, Gregoretti received fees for consultancies or as a speaker from Medtronic, Philips, Origin, Breas, Air Liquide, Eove, Resmed. Some authors of this article are also the authors of some of the ten selected articles, This may constitute an additional competing interest

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