C. Panayiotopoulos, M. Koutroumanidis, S. Giannakodimos, and A. Agathonikou, Idiopathic generalised epilepsy in adults manifested by phantom absences, generalised tonic-clonic seizures, and frequent absence status, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.63, issue.5, pp.622-627, 1997.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.63.5.622

H. Blumenfeld, Consciousness and epilepsy: why are patients with absence seizures absent?, Prog Brain Res, vol.150, pp.271-286, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50020-7
URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153469/pdf

C. Panayiotopoulos, Typical absence seizures and related epileptic syndromes: Assessment of current state and directions for future research, Epilepsia, vol.47, issue.Suppl 4, pp.2131-2139, 2008.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.47.4.912

A. Cavanna and F. Monaco, Brain mechanisms of altered conscious states during epileptic seizures, Nature Reviews Neurology, vol.28, issue.5, pp.267-276, 2009.
DOI : 10.1017/S1092852900021295

F. Gibbs, H. Davis, and W. Lennox, THE ELECTRO-ENCEPHALOGRAM IN EPILEPSY AND IN CONDITIONS OF IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS, Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry, vol.34, issue.6, pp.1133-1148, 1935.
DOI : 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250240002001

D. Williams, A STUDY OF THALAMIC AND CORTICAL RHYTHMS IN PETIT MAL, Brain, vol.76, issue.1, pp.50-69, 1953.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/76.1.50

A. Berg, S. Berkovic, M. Brodie, J. Buchhalter, and J. Cross, Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, Epilepsia, vol.51, pp.2005-2009, 2010.

J. Lemieux and W. Blume, Topographical evolution of spike-wave complexes, Brain Research, vol.373, issue.1-2, pp.275-287, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90342-2

W. Blume and J. Lemieux, Morphology of spikes in spike-and-wave complexes, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.69, issue.6, pp.508-515, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0013-4694(88)90162-9

M. Holmes, M. Brown, and D. Tucker, Are "Generalized" Seizures Truly Generalized? Evidence of Localized Mesial Frontal and Frontopolar Discharges in Absence, Epilepsia, vol.20, issue.12, pp.1568-1579, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-012775421-5/50010-8

L. Sadleir, K. Farrell, S. Smith, M. Connolly, and I. Scheffer, Electroclinical features of absence seizures in childhood absence epilepsy, Neurology, vol.67, issue.3, pp.413-418, 2006.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000228257.60184.82

I. Westmijse, P. Ossenblok, B. Gunning, and G. Van-luijtelaar, Onset and propagation of spike and slow wave discharges in human absence epilepsy: A MEG study, Epilepsia, vol.112, issue.S2, pp.2538-2548, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02162.x

L. Danober, C. Deransart, A. Depaulis, M. Vergnes, and C. Marescaux, Pathophysiological mechanisms of genetic absence epilepsy in the rat, Progress in Neurobiology, vol.55, issue.1, pp.27-57, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00091-9

A. Depaulis and G. Van-luijtelaar, Genetic Models of Absence Epilepsy in the Rat, Models of Seizures and Epilepsy, pp.233-248, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-012088554-1/50020-7

H. Meeren, J. Pijn, V. Luijtelaar, E. Coenen, A. Lopes-da-silva et al., Cortical focus drives widespread corticothalamic networks during spontaneous absence seizures in rats, J Neurosci, vol.22, pp.1480-1495, 2002.

H. Meeren, G. Van-luijtelaar, F. Lopes-da-silva, and A. Coenen, Evolving Concepts on the Pathophysiology of Absence Seizures, Archives of Neurology, vol.62, issue.3, pp.371-376, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.62.3.371

P. Polack, I. Guillemain, E. Hu, C. Deransart, and A. Depaulis, Deep Layer Somatosensory Cortical Neurons Initiate Spike-and-Wave Discharges in a Genetic Model of Absence Seizures, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.27, issue.24, pp.6590-6599, 2007.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0753-07.2007
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00385581

O. David, I. Guillemain, S. Saillet, S. Reyt, and C. Deransart, Identifying Neural Drivers with Functional MRI: An Electrophysiological Validation, PLoS Biology, vol.54, issue.12, pp.2683-2697, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060315.sd002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00356680

P. Polack, S. Mahon, M. Chavez, and S. Charpier, Inactivation of the Somatosensory Cortex Prevents Paroxysmal Oscillations in Cortical and Related Thalamic Neurons in a Genetic Model of Absence Epilepsy, Cerebral Cortex, vol.19, issue.9, pp.2078-2091, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/cercor/bhn237
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00805445

M. Chipaux, S. Charpier, and P. Polack, Chloride-mediated inhibition of the ictogenic neurones initiating genetically-determined absence seizures, Neuroscience, vol.192, pp.642-651, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.037

I. Timofeev and M. Steriade, Neocortical seizures: initiation, development and cessation, Neuroscience, vol.123, issue.2, pp.299-336, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.051

J. Paz, P. Polack, S. Slaght, J. Deniau, and M. Chavez, Cortical initiation of absence seizures, propagation to basal ganglia and back to the cortex, Pan-brain abnormal neural network in epilepsy. Kerala: Research Signpost, pp.41-65, 2009.

R. Schwab, A method of measuring consciousness in petit mal epilepsy, J Nerv Ment Dis, vol.89, pp.690-691, 1939.

A. Mirsky and J. Vanburen, On the nature of the ???absence??? in centrencephalic epilepsy: A study of some behavioral, electroencephalographic and autonomic factors, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.18, issue.4, pp.334-348, 1965.
DOI : 10.1016/0013-4694(65)90053-2

G. Kostopoulos, Involvement of the Thalamocortical System in Epileptic Loss of Consciousness, Epilepsia, vol.40, issue.suppl 2, pp.13-19, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4684-6767-3_4

H. Blumenfeld and J. Taylor, Why do Seizures Cause Loss of Consciousness?, The Neuroscientist, vol.9, issue.5, pp.301-310, 2003.
DOI : 10.1053/seiz.2000.0400

R. Jung, Uber vegetative Reaktionen und Hemmungswirkung von Sinnesreizen im kleinen epileptischen Anfall, Nervenarzt, vol.12, pp.169-185, 1939.

P. Fedio and A. Mirsky, Selective intellectual deficits in children with temporal lobe or centrencephalic epilepsy, Neuropsychologia, vol.7, issue.4, pp.287-300, 1969.
DOI : 10.1016/0028-3932(69)90054-2

C. Duncan, Application of event-related brain potentials to the analysis of interictal attention in absence epilepsy, Elements of Petit Mal Epilepsy, pp.341-364, 1988.

C. Duncan, A. Mirsky, C. Lovelace, and W. Theodore, Assessment of the attention impairment in absence epilepsy: Comparison of visual and auditory P300, International Journal of Psychophysiology, vol.73, issue.2, pp.118-122, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.03.005

M. Orren, Evoked potential studies in petit mal epilepsy. Visual information processing in relation to spike and wave discharges, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, vol.34, pp.251-257, 1978.

H. Blumenfeld, M. Westerveld, R. Ostroff, S. Vanderhill, and J. Freeman, Selective frontal, parietal, and temporal networks in generalized seizures, NeuroImage, vol.19, issue.4, pp.1556-1566, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00204-0

G. Van-luijtelaar and E. Sitnikova, Global and focal aspects of absence epilepsy: The contribution of genetic models, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol.30, issue.7, pp.983-1003, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.03.002

P. Polack and S. Charpier, Ethosuximide converts ictogenic neurons initiating absence seizures into normal neurons in a genetic model, Epilepsia, vol.27, issue.7, pp.1816-1820, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0306-3623(96)00062-6

M. Vergnes, C. Marescaux, A. Boehrer, and A. Depaulis, Are rats with genetic absence epilepsy behaviorally impaired?, Epilepsy Research, vol.9, issue.2, pp.97-104, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0920-1211(91)90019-C

D. Getova, N. Bowery, and V. Spassov, Effects of GABAB receptor antagonists on learning and memory retention in a rat model of absence epilepsy, European Journal of Pharmacology, vol.320, issue.1, pp.9-13, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00877-1

M. Pastor, M. Valencia, J. Artieda, M. Alegre, and J. Masdeu, Topography of Cortical Activation Differs for Fundamental and Harmonic Frequencies of the Steady-State Visual-Evoked Responses. An EEG and PET H215O Study, Cerebral Cortex, vol.17, issue.8, pp.1899-1905, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/cercor/bhl098

F. Vialatte, M. M. Dauwels, J. Cichocki, and A. , Steady-state visually evoked potentials: Focus on essential paradigms and future perspectives, Progress in Neurobiology, vol.90, issue.4, pp.418-438, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.11.005

E. Hirsch, C. Panayiotopoulos, M. Bureau, J. Roger, C. Dravet et al., Epilepsie-absences de l'enfance et syndromes apparentés, Les syndromes e ´pileptiques de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, pp.315-336, 2005.

H. Jasper, Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroenchephalography, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, vol.10, pp.370-375, 1958.

G. Rees, G. Kreiman, and C. Koch, NEURAL CORRELATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN HUMANS, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.3, issue.4, pp.261-270, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn783

R. Bruno and B. Sakmann, Cortex Is Driven by Weak but Synchronously Active Thalamocortical Synapses, Science, vol.312, issue.5780, pp.1622-1627, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1124593

G. Paxinos and C. Watson, The brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 1986.

S. Chung, X. Li, and S. Nelson, Short-Term Depression at Thalamocortical Synapses Contributes to Rapid Adaptation of Cortical Sensory Responses In Vivo, Neuron, vol.34, issue.3, pp.437-446, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00659-1

G. Carvell and D. Simons, Biometric analyses of vibrissal tactile discrimination in the rat, J Neurosci, vol.10, pp.2638-2648, 1990.

K. Fox, Barrel cortex. Cambridge, 2008.

S. Mahon, J. Deniau, and S. Charpier, Various synaptic activities and firing patterns in cortico-striatal and striatal neurons in vivo, Journal of Physiology-Paris, vol.97, issue.4-6, pp.557-566, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2004.01.013

S. Mahon and S. Charpier, Bidirectional Plasticity of Intrinsic Excitability Controls Sensory Inputs Efficiency in Layer 5 Barrel Cortex Neurons in Vivo, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.32, issue.33, pp.11377-11389, 2012.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0415-12.2012

E. Syed, A. Sharott, C. Moll, A. Engel, and A. Kral, Effect of sensory stimulation in rat barrel cortex, dorsolateral striatum and on corticostriatal functional connectivity, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.81, issue.Pt 2, pp.461-470, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02423513

J. Manning, D. Richards, N. Leresche, V. Crunelli, and N. Bowery, Cortical-area specific block of genetically determined absence seizures by ethosuximide, Neuroscience, vol.123, issue.1, pp.5-9, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.09.026
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00077787

M. Gutnick and W. Crill, The cortical neuron as an electrophysiological unit In Gutnick MJ, Mody I editors. The Cortical Neuron, pp.33-52, 1995.

M. Nicolelis and E. Fanselow, Thalamocortical optimization of tactile processing according to behavioral state*, Nature Neuroscience, vol.94, issue.6, pp.517-523, 2002.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017668

B. Conte, C. Cutrufo, and S. Manzini, Electrocorticographic desynchronization after application of visceral and somatic noxious stimuli in urethane-anesthetized rats: effect of intrathecal administration of tachykinin (NK 1 or NK 2) receptor antagonists, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, vol.276, pp.212-218, 1996.

D. Simons, G. Carvell, A. Hershey, and D. Bryant, Responses of barrel cortex neurons in awake rats and effects of urethane anesthesia, Experimental Brain Research, vol.91, issue.2, pp.259-272, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00231659

M. Steriade, D. Mccormick, and T. Sejnowski, Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain, Science, vol.262, issue.5134, pp.679-685, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.8235588

M. Steriade, Corticothalamic resonance, states of vigilance and mentation, Neuroscience, vol.101, issue.2, pp.243-276, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00353-5

R. Llinas and M. Steriade, Bursting of Thalamic Neurons and States of Vigilance, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.95, issue.6, pp.3297-3308, 2006.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00166.2006

D. Pinault, N. Leresche, S. Charpier, J. Deniau, and C. Marescaux, Intracellular recordings in thalamic neurones during spontaneous spike and wave discharges in rats with absence epilepsy, The Journal of Physiology, vol.66, issue.suppl., pp.449-456, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0306-4522(94)00604-4

S. Slaght, T. Paz, S. Mahon, N. Maurice, and S. Charpier, Functional organization of the circuits connecting the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia: implications for the role of the basal ganglia in epilepsy, Epileptic Disord, vol.4, issue.3, pp.9-22, 2002.

D. Pinault, Cellular interactions in the rat somatosensory thalamocortical system during normal and epileptic 5-9 Hz oscillations, The Journal of Physiology, vol.17, issue.suppl., pp.881-905, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.8392750
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00560829

M. Brecht and B. Sakmann, Whisker maps of neuronal subclasses of the rat ventral posterior medial thalamus, identified by whole-cell voltage recording and morphological reconstruction, The Journal of Physiology, vol.81, issue.2, pp.495-515, 2002.
DOI : 10.3109/08990229609052585

M. Wiest and M. Nicolelis, Behavioral detection of tactile stimuli during 7???12 Hz cortical oscillations in awake rats, Nature Neuroscience, vol.6, issue.9, pp.913-914, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nn1107

F. Shaw, Is Spontaneous High-Voltage Rhythmic Spike Discharge in Long Evans Rats an Absence-Like Seizure Activity?, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.91, issue.1, pp.63-77, 2004.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00487.2003

S. Charpier, N. Leresche, J. Deniau, S. Mahon, and S. Hughes, On the putative contribution of GABAB receptors to the electrical events occuring during spontaneous spike and wave discharges, Neuropharmacology, vol.38, issue.11, pp.1699-1706, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00139-2

R. Azouz and C. Gray, Cellular mechanisms contributing to response variability of cortical neurons in vivo, J Neurosci, vol.19, pp.2209-2223, 1999.

M. Steriade, R. Dossi, and A. Nuñ-ez, Network modulation of a slow intrinsic oscillation of cat thalamocortical neurons implicated in sleep delta waves: cortically induced synchronization and brainstem cholinergic suppression, J Neurosci, vol.11, pp.3200-3217, 1991.

G. Young and S. Pigott, Neurobiological Basis of Consciousness, Archives of Neurology, vol.56, issue.2, pp.153-157, 1999.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.56.2.153

J. Edeline, The thalamo-cortical auditory receptive fields: regulation by the states of vigilance, learning and the neuromodulatory systems, Experimental Brain Research, vol.153, issue.4, pp.554-572, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00221-003-1608-0

H. Bastuji and L. García-larrea, Evoked potentials as a tool for the investigation of human sleep, Sleep Medicine Reviews, vol.3, issue.1, pp.23-45, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S1087-0792(99)90012-6

C. Portas, K. Krakow, P. Allen, O. Josephs, and J. Armony, Auditory Processing across the Sleep-Wake Cycle, Neuron, vol.28, issue.3, pp.991-999, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00169-0
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00169-0

T. Wygnanski-jaffe, C. Panton, J. Buncic, and C. Westall, Paradoxical robust visual evoked potentials in young patients with cortical blindness, Documenta Ophthalmologica, vol.46, issue.2, pp.101-107, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/eye.1997.84

T. Dang-vu, M. Bonjean, M. Schabus, M. Boly, and A. Darsaud, Interplay between spontaneous and induced brain activity during human non-rapid eye movement sleep, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.11, issue.4, pp.15438-15443, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.05.001
URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/108/37/15438.full.pdf

M. Schabus, T. Dang-vu, D. Heib, M. Boly, and M. Desseilles, The Fate of Incoming Stimuli during NREM Sleep is Determined by Spindles and the Phase of the Slow Oscillation, Frontiers in Neurology, vol.3, p.40, 2012.
DOI : 10.3389/fneur.2012.00040

M. Massimini, M. Rosanova, and M. Mariotti, EEG Slow (??1 Hz) Waves Are Associated With Nonstationarity of Thalamo-Cortical Sensory Processing in the Sleeping Human, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.89, issue.3, pp.1205-1213, 2003.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00373.2002

B. Libet, W. Alberts, E. Wright, . Jr, and B. Feinstein, Responses of Human Somatosensory Cortex to Stimuli below Threshold for Conscious Sensation, Science, vol.158, issue.3808, pp.1597-1600, 1967.
DOI : 10.1126/science.158.3808.1597

B. Libet, W. Alberts, E. Wright, . Jr, and B. Feinstein, Cortical and thalamic activation in conscious sensory experience, Neurophysiology studied in man. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, pp.157-168, 1972.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-0355-1_7

K. Hamandi, A. Salek-haddadi, H. Laufs, A. Liston, and K. Friston, EEG???fMRI of idiopathic and secondarily generalized epilepsies, NeuroImage, vol.31, issue.4, pp.1700-1710, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.016

H. Blumenfeld, G. Varghese, M. Purcaro, J. Motelow, and M. Enev, Cortical and subcortical networks in human secondarily generalized tonic???clonic seizures, Brain, vol.132, issue.4, pp.999-1012, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/awp028
URL : https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-pdf/132/4/999/16695175/awp028.pdf