F. J. Odling-smee, Niche construction: the neglected process in evolution, 2003.

S. Bédhomme, Pollution by conspecifics as a component of intraspecific competition among Aedes aegypti larvae, Ecol. Entomol, vol.30, pp.1-7, 2005.

B. J. Crespi, The evolution of social behavior in microorganisms, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.16, pp.178-183, 2001.

S. A. West, Social evolution theory for microorganisms, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, vol.4, pp.597-607, 2006.

W. D. Hamilton, The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I, J. Theor. Biol, vol.7, pp.1-16, 1964.

W. D. Hamilton, The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II, J. Theor. Biol, vol.7, pp.17-52, 1964.

W. D. Hamilton, Selfish and spiteful behaviour in an evolutionary model, Nature, vol.228, pp.1218-1220, 1970.

S. P. Brown and F. Taddei, The Durability of Public Goods Changes the Dynamics and Nature of Social Dilemmas, PLoS ONE, vol.2, p.593, 2007.

L. Mcnally and S. P. Brown, Building the microbiome in health and disease: niche construction and social conflict in bacteria, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci, vol.370, 2015.

R. Kümmerli and S. P. Brown, Molecular and regulatory properties of a public good shape the evolution of cooperation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.107, pp.18921-18926, 2010.

J. S. Weitz, An oscillating tragedy of the commons in replicator dynamics with game-environment feedback, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.113, pp.7518-7525, 2016.

E. Benincà, Species fluctuations sustained by a cyclic succession at the edge of chaos, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.112, pp.6389-6394, 2015.

J. U. Kreft, Biofilms promote altruism. Microbiology, vol.150, pp.2751-2760, 2004.

J. B. Xavier and K. R. Foster, Cooperation and conflict in microbial biofilms, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.104, pp.876-881, 2007.

C. D. Nadell, Emergence of spatial structure in cell groups and the evolution of cooperation, PLoS Comput. Biol, vol.6, p.1000716, 2010.

S. Mitri, Social evolution in multispecies biofilms, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 2011.

S. , , vol.108, pp.10839-10846

C. D. Nadell, Spatial structure, cooperation and competition in biofilms, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, vol.14, pp.589-600, 2016.

L. Lehmann and F. Rousset, How life history and demography promote or inhibit the evolution of helping behaviours, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci, vol.365, pp.2599-2617, 2010.

P. D. Taylor, Altruism in viscous populations-an inclusive fitness model, Evol. Ecol, vol.6, pp.352-356, 1992.

L. Lehmann, The evolution of helping and harming on graphs: the return of the inclusive fitness effect, J. Evol. Biol, vol.20, pp.2284-2295, 2007.

J. Peña, Evolutionary dynamics of collective action in spatially structured populations, J. Theor. Biol, vol.382, pp.122-136, 2015.

E. Akçay and J. Van-cleve, Behavioral responses in structured populations pave the way to group optimality, Am. Nat, vol.179, pp.257-269, 2012.

J. A. Fletcher and M. Doebeli, A simple and general explanation for the evolution of altruism, Proc. Biol. Sci, vol.276, pp.13-19, 2009.

S. A. Frank, Genetics of mutualism: the evolution of altruism between species, 1994.

, J. Theor. Biol, vol.170, pp.393-400

G. Hardin, The tragedy of the commons, Science, vol.162, pp.1243-1248, 1968.

D. J. Rankin, The tragedy of the commons in evolutionary biology, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.22, pp.643-651, 2007.

S. A. Levin, Public goods in relation to competition, cooperation, and spite, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.111, pp.10838-10845, 2014.

S. Rakoff-nahoum, The evolution of cooperation within the gut microbiota, Nature, vol.533, pp.255-259, 2016.

A. S. Griffin, Cooperation and competition in pathogenic bacteria, Nature, vol.430, pp.1024-1027, 2004.

O. X. Cordero, Public good dynamics drive evolution of iron acquisition strategies in natural bacterioplankton populations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.109, 2012.

C. D. Nadell, Extracellular matrix structure governs invasion resistance in bacterial biofilms, ISME J, vol.9, pp.1700-1709, 2015.

L. Vidakovic, Dynamic biofilm architecture confers individual and collective mechanisms of viral protection, Nat. Microbiol, vol.3, pp.26-31, 2018.

A. T. Kovacs, The protective layer of biofilm: a repellent function for a new class of amphiphilic proteins, Mol. Microbiol, vol.85, pp.8-11, 2012.

P. B. Rainey and K. Rainey, Evolution of cooperation and conflict in experimental bacterial populations, Nature, vol.425, pp.72-74, 2003.

M. A. Riley, The ecological role of bacteriocins in bacterial competition, Trends Microbiol, vol.7, pp.129-133, 1999.

S. Estrela, From metabolism to ecology: cross-feeding interactions shape the balance between polymicrobial conflict and mutualism, Am. Nat, vol.180, pp.566-576, 2012.

S. Estrela, Private benefits and metabolic conflicts shape the emergence of microbial interdependencies, Environ. Microbiol, vol.18, pp.1415-1427, 2016.

E. A. Yurtsev, Oscillatory dynamics in a bacterial cross-protection mutualism, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.113, pp.6236-6241, 2016.

J. J. Morris, Dependence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus on hydrogen peroxide scavenging microbes for growth at the ocean's surface, PLoS Biol, vol.6, p.2000631, 2011.

F. Medaney, Live to cheat another day: Bacterial dormancy facilitates the social exploitation of ?-lactamases, ISME J, vol.10, pp.778-787, 2016.

S. O'brien, No effect of intraspecific relatedness on public goods cooperation in a complex community, Evolution, vol.72, pp.1165-1173, 2018.

S. O'brien, Social evolution of toxic metal bioremediation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol.281, 2014.

I. Frost, Cooperation, competition and antibiotic resistance in bacterial colonies, ISME J, vol.12, pp.1582-1593, 2018.

S. Estrela and S. P. Brown, Community interactions and spatial structure shape selection on antibiotic resistant lineages, PLoS Comput. Biol, vol.14, p.1006179, 2018.

J. J. Morris, Coexistence of evolving bacteria stabilized by a shared black queen function, Evolution, vol.68, pp.2960-2971, 2014.

J. J. Morris, Black Queen evolution: the role of leakiness in structuring microbial communities, Trends Genet, vol.31, pp.475-482, 2015.

S. E. Cowan, Commensal interactions in a dual-species biofilm exposed to mixed organic compounds, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.66, pp.4481-4485, 2000.

C. Ratzke and J. Gore, Modifying and reacting to the environmental pH can drive bacterial interactions, PLoS Biol, vol.16, p.2004248, 2018.

B. E. Morris, Microbial syntrophy: interaction for the common good, FEMS Microbiol. Rev, vol.37, pp.384-406, 2013.

K. L. Hillesland and D. A. Stahl, Rapid evolution of stability and productivity at the origin of a microbial mutualism, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.107, p.64, 2010.

M. Ghoul and S. Mitri, The Ecology and Evolution of Microbial Competition, Trends Microbiol, vol.24, pp.833-845, 2016.

G. Hardin, The competitive exclusion principle, Science, vol.131, pp.1292-1297, 1960.

B. J. Bohannan, Trade-offs and coexistence in microbial microcosms, Ant. Van Leeuw, vol.81, pp.107-115, 2002.

E. Litchman, Microbial resource utilization traits and trade-offs: implications for community structure, functioning, and biogeochemical impacts at present and in the future, Front. Microbiol, vol.6, p.65, 2015.

T. Pfeiffer, Cooperation and competition in the evolution of ATPproducing pathways, Science, vol.292, pp.504-507, 2001.

B. Kerr, Local migration promotes competitive restraint in a hostpathogen"tragedy of the commons, Nature, vol.442, pp.75-78, 2006.

J. R. Nahum, Evolution of restraint in a structured rock-paper-scissors community, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.108, pp.10831-10838, 2011.

V. Volterra, Variations and Fluctuations of the Number of Individuals in Animal Species living together, ICES J Mar. Sci, vol.3, pp.3-51, 1928.

P. Chesson, MacArthur's consumer-resource model, Theor Popul Biol, vol.37, pp.26-38, 1990.

B. Momeni, Lotka-Volterra pairwise modeling fails to capture diverse pairwise microbial interactions, vol.6, p.205, 2017.

J. E. Goldford, Emergent simplicity in microbial community assembly, Science, vol.361, pp.469-474, 2018.

W. R. Harcombe, Metabolic resource allocation in individual microbes determines ecosystem interactions and spatial dynamics, Cell Reports, vol.7, p.76, 2014.

J. M. Chacón, The spatial and metabolic basis of colony size variation, ISME J, vol.12, pp.669-680, 2018.

J. B. Xavier, A framework for multidimensional modelling of activity and structure of multispecies biofilms, Environ. Microbiol, vol.7, pp.1085-1103, 2005.

S. D. Allison, Cheaters, diffusion and nutrients constrain decomposition by microbial enzymes in spatially structured environments, Ecol. Lett, vol.8, pp.626-635, 2005.

W. W. Driscoll and J. W. Pepper, Theory for the evolution of diffusible external goods, Evolution, vol.64, pp.2682-2687, 2010.

B. Allen, Spatial dilemmas of diffusible public goods, vol.2, p.1169, 2013.
DOI : 10.7554/elife.01169

URL : https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.01169

A. Dobay, Interaction effects of cell diffusion, cell density and public goods properties on the evolution of cooperation in digital microbes, J. Evol. Biol, vol.27, pp.1869-1877, 2014.

R. Kümmerli, Habitat structure and the evolution of diffusible siderophores in bacteria, Ecol. Lett, vol.17, pp.1536-1544, 2014.

R. Kümmerli, Viscous medium promotes cooperation in the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proc. Biol. Sci, vol.276, pp.3531-3538, 2009.

T. G. Platt and J. D. Bever, Kin competition and the evolution of cooperation, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.24, pp.370-377, 2009.

L. Gac, M. Doebeli, and M. , Environmental viscosity does not affect the evolution of cooperation during experimental evolution of colicigenic bacteria, Evolution, vol.64, pp.522-533, 2010.

H. P. Steenackers, Experimental evolution in biofilm populations, FEMS Microbiol. Rev, vol.40, pp.373-397, 2016.

S. Estrela and S. P. Brown, Metabolic and demographic feedbacks shape the emergent spatial structure and function of microbial communities, PLoS Comput. Biol, vol.9, p.1003398, 2013.

B. Momeni, Strong inter-population cooperation leads to partner intermixing in microbial communities, vol.2, p.230, 2013.
DOI : 10.7554/elife.00230

URL : https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.00230

W. R. Harcombe, Adding biotic complexity alters the metabolic benefits of mutualism, Evolution, vol.70, pp.1871-1881, 2016.

F. J. Odling-smee, Niche Construction, Am. Nat, vol.147, pp.641-648, 1996.
DOI : 10.1515/9781400847266

L. Lehmann, The evolution of trans-generational altruism: Kin selection meets niche construction, J. Evol. Biol, vol.20, pp.181-189, 2007.

L. Lehmann, The adaptive dynamics of niche constructing traits in spatially subdivided populations: evolving posthumous extended phenotypes, Evolution, vol.62, pp.549-566, 2008.

W. D. Hamilton and R. M. May, Dispersal in stable habitats, Nature, vol.269, pp.578-581, 1977.
DOI : 10.1038/269578a0

P. D. Taylor and S. A. Frank, How to Make a Kin Selection Model, J. Theor. Biol, vol.180, pp.27-37, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1996.0075

URL : http://stevefrank.org/reprints-pdf/96JTB-Kin.pdf

S. Gandon and Y. Michalakis, Evolutionarily Stable Dispersal Rate in a Metapopulation with Extinctions and Kin Competition, J. Theor. Biol, vol.199, pp.275-290, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1999.0960

N. Perrin and L. Lehmann, Is sociality driven by the costs of dispersal or the benefits of philopatry? A role for kin-discrimination mechanisms, Am. Nat, vol.158, pp.471-483, 2001.

L. Galliard and J. F. , Adaptive evolution of social traits: Origin, trajectories, and correlations of altruism and mobility, Am. Nat, vol.165, pp.206-224, 2005.

E. Mouden, C. Gardner, and A. , Nice natives and mean migrants: the evolution of dispersal-dependent social behaviour in viscous populations, J. Evol. Biol, vol.21, pp.1480-1491, 2008.

L. Lehmann and N. Perrin, Altruism, dispersal, and phenotype-matching kin recognition, Am. Nat, vol.159, pp.451-468, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/3078906

URL : https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_6A43F762AD01.P001/REF.pdf

C. Mullon, Social polymorphism is favoured by the co-evolution of dispersal with social behaviour, Nat. Ecol. Evol, vol.2, pp.132-140, 2018.

A. M. Rodrigues and R. A. Johnstone, Evolution of positive and negative density-dependent dispersal, Proc. Biol. Sci, vol.281, pp.20141226-20141226, 2014.

L. Lehmann, Population demography and the evolution of helping behaviors, Evolution, vol.60, pp.1137-1151, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00325473

S. T. Powers and L. Lehmann, The co-evolution of social institutions, demography, and large-scale human cooperation, Ecol Lett, vol.16, pp.1356-1364, 2013.

L. Mcnally, Killing by Type VI secretion drives genetic phase separation and correlates with increased cooperation, Nat. Commun, vol.8, p.14371, 2017.