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P. Europe and . Funders, Author Manuscripts Europe PMC Funders Author Manuscripts Schematic drawings of the mechanisms of different forms of synaptic and cellular plasticity elicited by rhythmic low-threshold spikes (LTSs) (and associated Ca 2+ transients) at frequencies relevant to oscillations of low vigilance states. a) Inhibitory long-term potentiation (iLTP) at GABAergic nucleus reticularis thalami (NRT)-thalamocortical (TC) neuron synapses. Note the low-voltage-gated T-type Ca 2+ channels (T-VGCC)-elicited depolarization (?V) driving activation of high-voltage-gated L-type Ca 2+ channels (LVGCCs). b) Inhibitory long-term depression (iLTD) at GABAergic NRT-TC neuron synapses. Note the requirement for metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation by glutamate released from cortical (CX) afferents. c) Excitatory long-term potentiation (LTP) at glutamatergic TC-NRT neuron synapses. d) Long-term depression (LTD) at electrical NRT-NRT neuron synapses. e) Cellular plasticity of intrinsic hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide

, AMPAR, glutamate receptor ionotropic AMPA; cGMP, cyclic GMP; Cx36, gap junction connexin 36; GluN2B, glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B; NMDAR, glutamate receptor ionotropic NMDA 2A; NO, nitric oxide

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