A. Ruscio, D. Stein, W. Chiu, and R. Kessler, The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Mol Psychiatry, vol.15, pp.53-63, 2010.

P. Skapinakis, D. M. Caldwell, W. Hollingworth, P. Bryden, N. A. Fineberg et al., Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions for management of obsessivecompulsive disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis, The Lancet Psychiatry, vol.3, pp.730-739, 2016.

B. Nuttin, H. Wu, H. Mayberg, M. Hariz, L. Gabriels et al., Consensus on guidelines for stereotactic neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.2014, pp.1-7

L. Mallet, M. Polosan, N. Jaafari, N. Baup, M. Welter et al., Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder, N Engl J Med, vol.359, pp.2121-2155, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01372143

L. Luyten, S. Hendrickx, S. Raymaekers, L. G. Ls, . Euml et al., Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder, Mol Psychiatry, vol.21, pp.1272-80, 2015.

S. A. Sheth, Commentary Stereotactic Radiosurgical Capsulotomy for the Treatment of Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Biol Psychiatry, vol.84, pp.320-321, 2018.

S. Müller, R. Riedmüller, and A. Van-oosterhout, Rivaling paradigms in psychiatric neurosurgery: adjustability versus quick fix versus minimal-invasiveness, Front Integr Neurosci, vol.9, p.27, 2015.

W. Moon, S. N. Kim, S. Park, S. H. Paek, and J. S. Kwon, The cost-effectiveness of deep brain stimulation for patients with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder, Med (United States), vol.96, pp.1-8, 2017.

W. Schuepbach, J. Rau, K. Knudsen, J. Volkmann, P. Krack et al., Neurostimulation for Parkinson's disease with early motor complications, N Engl J Med, vol.368, pp.610-632, 2013.

L. Mallet, M. Schüpbach, N. 'diaye, K. , R. P. Bardinet et al., Stimulation of subterritories of the subthalamic nucleus reveals its role in the integration of the emotional and motor aspects of behavior, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.104, pp.10661-10667, 2007.

, Supplementary References

L. Mallet, M. Polosan, N. Jaafari, N. Baup, M. Welter et al., Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder, N Engl J Med, vol.359, pp.2121-2155, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01372143

D. Apa, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, text revision, Am Psychiatr Assoc, 2000.

W. K. Goodman, L. H. Price, S. A. Rasmussen, C. Mazure, R. L. Fleischmann et al., The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability, Arch Gen Psychiatry, vol.46, pp.1006-1017, 1989.

J. Endicott, J. Rl-s, and J. Cohen, The global assessment scale: A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance, Arch Gen Psychiatry, vol.33, pp.766-71, 1976.

W. Guy, Clinical Global Impression BT -ECDEU Assessment Manual for, Psychopharmacology. ECDEU Assess. Man. Psychopharmacol, 1976.

S. Mattis, Dementia Rating Scale H Geriatric psychiatry. A handbook for psychiatrist and primary care physicians, 1976.

S. A. Montgomery and M. Asberg, A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change, Br J Psychiatry, vol.134, pp.382-391, 1979.

S. Kohl, D. M. Schönherr, J. Luigjes, D. Denys, U. J. Mueller et al., Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive compulsive disorder: a systematic review, BMC Psychiatry, vol.14, p.214, 2014.

P. Tyrer, R. T. Owen, and D. V. Cicchetti, The brief scale for anxiety: a subdivision of the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.47, pp.970-975, 1984.

A. S. Zigmond and R. P. Snaith, The hospital anxiety and depression scale, Acta Psychiatr Scand, vol.67, pp.361-70, 1983.

R. J. Hodgson and S. Rachman, Obsessional-compulsive complaints, Behav Res Ther, vol.15, pp.389-95, 1977.

J. C. Mundt, I. M. Marks, M. K. Shear, and J. M. Greist, The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning, Br J Psychiatry, vol.180, pp.461-465, 2002.

J. E. Ware, M. Kosinski, J. E. Dewey, and B. Gandek, SF-36 health survey: manual and interpretation guide, 2000.

D. Sheehan, K. Harnett-sheehan, and R. Ba, The measurement of disability, Int Clin Psychopharmacol, vol.11, issue.3, pp.89-95, 1996.

R. M. Reitan, Validity of the trail making test as an indication of organic brain damage, Percept Mot Ski, vol.8, pp.271-277, 1958.

S. E. Starkstein, H. S. Mayberg, T. J. Preziosi, P. Andrezejewski, R. Leiguarda et al., Reliability, validity, and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, vol.4, pp.134-143, 1992.

P. Robert, C. U. Onyike, A. Leentjens, K. Dujardin, P. Aalten et al., Proposed diagnostic criteria for apathy in Alzheimer?s disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders, Eur Psychiatry, vol.24, pp.98-104, 2009.

P. Ekman and W. Friesen, Measuring facial movement, Environ Psychol Nonverbal Behav, vol.1, pp.56-75, 1976.

C. Perris, G. Sedvall, D. Schalling, and M. Åsberg, Comprehensive psychopathological rating scale-CPRS, 1976.

M. M. Weissman and S. Bothwell, Assessment of social adjustment by patient self-report, Arch Gen Psychiatry, vol.33, pp.1111-1116, 1976.

C. A. Mchorney, W. Jr, J. E. Raczek, and A. E. , The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey

, Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs, Med Care, pp.247-63, 1993.

J. Yelnik, E. Bardinet, D. Dormont, G. Malandain, S. Ourselin et al., A three-dimensional, histological and deformable atlas of the human basal ganglia. I. Atlas construction based on immunohistochemical and MRI data, Neuroimage, vol.34, pp.618-656, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00616029

J. Yelnik, P. Damier, S. Demeret, D. Gervais, E. Bardinet et al., Localization of stimulating electrodes in patients with Parkinson disease by using a three-dimensional atlas-magnetic resonance imaging coregistration method, J Neurosurg, vol.99, pp.89-99, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00615635

E. C. Miguel, A. C. Lopes, N. Mclaughlin, G. Norén, A. F. Gentil et al., Evolution of gamma knife capsulotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder, Mol Psychiatry, vol.2018, pp.1-23

S. A. Sheth, Commentary Stereotactic Radiosurgical Capsulotomy for the Treatment of Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Biol Psychiatry, vol.84, pp.320-321, 2018.

S. A. Rasmussen, G. Noren, B. D. Greenberg, R. Marsland, N. C. Mclaughlin et al., Gamma Ventral Capsulotomy in Intractable Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Biol Psychiatry, vol.84, pp.355-64, 2018.

J. Pugh, J. Tan, T. Aziz, and R. J. Park, The Moral Obligation to Prioritize Research Into Deep Brain Stimulation Over Brain Lesioning Procedures for Severe Enduring Anorexia Nervosa, Front Psychiatry, vol.9, pp.1-4, 2018.

Z. Deng, Y. Pan, C. Zhang, J. Zhang, X. Qiu et al., Subthalamic deep brain stimulation in patients with primary dystonia: A follow-up of more than ten years, Parkinsonism Relat Disord, vol.55, pp.103-113, 2018.

B. Nuttin, H. Wu, H. Mayberg, M. Hariz, L. Gabriels et al., Consensus on guidelines for stereotactic neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.2014, pp.1-7

W. K. Goodman and T. R. Insel, Deep Brain Stimulation in Psychiatry: Concentrating on the Road Ahead, Biol Psychiatry, vol.65, pp.263-269, 2009.

S. Müller, R. Riedmüller, and A. Van-oosterhout, Rivaling paradigms in psychiatric neurosurgery: adjustability versus quick fix versus minimal-invasiveness, Front Integr Neurosci, vol.9, p.27, 2015.

W. Moon, S. N. Kim, S. Park, S. H. Paek, and J. S. Kwon, The cost-effectiveness of deep brain stimulation for patients with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder, Med (United States), vol.96, pp.1-8, 2017.

F. Steigerwald, L. Müller, S. Johannes, C. Matthies, and J. Volkmann, Directional deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus: A pilot study using a novel neurostimulation device, Mov Disord, vol.31, pp.1240-1243, 2016.

P. Ghasemi, T. Sahraee, and A. Mohammadi, Closed-and Open-loop Deep Brain Stimulation: Methods, Challenges, Current and Future Aspects, J Biomed Phys Eng, vol.8, pp.209-225, 2018.

J. J. Fins, C. S. Kubu, H. S. Mayberg, R. Merkel, B. Nuttin et al., Being open minded about neuromodulation trials: Finding success in our "failures, Brain Stimul, vol.10, pp.181-187, 2017.

, Members of the STOC Long-term Study Group were as follows: Trial Coordination: L. Mallet. Scientific Supervision: L. Mallet, M.L. Welter. Steering Committee

J. L. Fontaine, P. Houeto, M. O. Krack, J. J. Krebs, and . Lemaire, L. Mallet, B. Millet. Logistics and Monitoring: D

. Hourton, S. Dornier, C. Aprelon, and . Jourdain, Direction de la Recherche Clinique, Paris), Neuropsychology: V. Czernecki, M. Vérin. Data Management and Statistical Analysis: S. Tezenas du Montcel, D. Madar, M. Hajji

R. Clinique, . Chu-pitié-salpêtrière, and ). Paris, Writing Committee

M. L. Tezenas-du-montcel and . Welter, Centers : Coordinating Center, Paris Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital: L. Mallet (PI)

A. Pelissolo, M. L. Welter, D. Grabli, V. Czernecki, J. Yelnik et al., CIC staff and nurses

, Bordeaux: B. Aouizerate (PI

:. P. Clermont-ferrand, (. Llorca, . Pi), J. J. Chéreau, F. Lemaire et al.,

. Coste,

J. Gabrillargues, M. Barget, I. De-chazeron, ;. , M. Polosan et al., Grenoble: T. Bougerol (PI)

D. Giordana, . Fontaine, V. Magnie-mauro, and . Mattei,

C. Krebs, J. P. Oppenheimer, D. Olié, M. Ranoux, . Chayet et al.,

I. Germaneau, S. Benatru, O. Ansquer, A. Colin, B. Fradet et al., Rennes: B. Millet (PI)

S. Sauleau, F. Drapier, G. Naudet, and . Robert-;-toulouse,

J. A. Simonetta, A. Lotterie, and . Yrondi, Sponsor: Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Direction de la Recherche Clinique