P. A. Ajani, A. Verma, M. Lassudrie, M. A. Doblin, and A. Murray, A new diatom species P . of the urea cycle in photosynthetic diatoms, Nature, vol.473, issue.7346, p.203, 2018.

G. Álvarez, E. Uribe, S. Quijano-scheggia, A. López-rivera, C. Mariño et al., , 2009.

, Domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia australis and Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha 681 isolated from North Chile, Harmful Algae, vol.8, pp.938-983

A. Amato, L. Orsini, D. D'alelio, and M. Montresor, Life cycle, size reduction patterns, and 683 ultrastructure of the pennate planktonic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima 684 (Bacillariophyceae), J. Phycol, vol.41, pp.542-56, 2005.

A. Amato, W. H. Kooistra, J. H. Ghiron, D. G. Mann, T. Pröschold et al., , 2007.

, Reproductive isolation among sympatric cryptic species in marine diatoms, Protist, vol.158, issue.2, pp.687-193

A. Amato, A. Lüdeking, and W. H. Kooistra, , 2010.

, Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata isolated from the Gulf of Naples

, Toxicon, vol.55, pp.157-61

E. V. Armbrust and S. W. Chisholm, Patterns of cell size change in marine centric diatom: 692 variability evolving from clonal isolates, J. Phycol, vol.28, pp.146-56, 1992.

R. A. Armstrong, M. L. Peterson, C. Lee, and S. G. Wakeham, Settling velocity spectra and the 694 ballast ratio hypothesis, Deep. Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr, vol.56, pp.1470-1478, 2009.

B. Bailleul, N. Berne, O. Murik, D. Petroutsos, J. Prihoda et al., , p.696

S. Flori, D. Falconet, A. Krieger-liszkay, S. Santabarbara, F. Rappaport et al., , p.697

L. Tirichine, P. G. Falkowski, P. Cardol, C. Bowler, and G. Finazzi, Energetic coupling 698 between plastids and mitochondria drives CO2 assimilation in diatoms, Nature, vol.524, issue.7565, p.366, 2015.

S. Bargu, C. L. Powell, Z. Wang, G. J. Doucette, and M. W. Silver, , 2008.

, Algae, vol.7, pp.45-51

S. Bates, D. Garrison, and R. Horner, Bloom dynamics and physiology producing Pseudo-703 nitzschia species, 1998.

B. S. Moore, Biosynthesis of the neurotoxin domoic acid in a bloom-forming diatom, 2018.

, Science, vol.365, pp.1356-1364

G. Calu, V. Martin-jezequel, E. Lefau, V. Sechet, P. Lassus et al., , 2009.

, The influence of nitrogen speciation on growth and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries 717 and P. pungens in batch and continuous cultures, Seventh International Conference on

, Molluscan Shellfish Safety, Éditions Quae, p.7

V. A. Chepurnov, D. G. Mann, K. Sabbe, K. Vannerum, G. Casteleyn et al.,

W. Vyverman, Sexual reproduction, mating system, chloroplast dynamics and 721 abrupt cell size reduction in Pseudo-nitzschia pungens from the North Sea (Bacillariophyta), 2005.

, Eur. J. Phycol, vol.40, pp.379-95

V. A. Chepurnov, D. G. Mann, K. Sabbe, and W. Vyverman, Experimental studies on sexual 724 reproduction in Diatoms, International Review of Cytology: A Survey of Cell Biology, vol.237, pp.91-154, 2004.

S. W. Chisholm and J. C. Costello, Influence of environmental factors and population 727 composition on the timing of cell division in Thalassiosira fluviatilis (Bacillariophyceae) 728 grown on light/dark cycles, Journal of Phycology, vol.16, pp.375-383, 1980.

C. Cusack, R. Raine, and J. W. Patching, Occurrence of species from the genus Pseudo-730 nitzschia peragallo in Irish waters, Biol. Environ, vol.104, pp.55-74, 2004.

C. K. Cusack, S. S. Bates, M. A. Quilliam, J. W. Patching, and R. Raine, Confirmation of 732 domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae) isolated from Irish 733 waters, Journal of Phycology, vol.28, pp.604-607, 2002.

D. D'alelio, A. Amato, A. Luedeking, and M. Montresor, Sexual and vegetative phases in the 735 planktonic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata, Harmful Algae, vol.8, pp.225-257, 2009.

D. D'alelio, M. R. D'alcalà, L. Dubroca, D. Sarno, A. Zingone et al., The time 737 for sex: A biennial life cycle in a marine planktonic diatom, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.55, pp.106-120, 2010.

N. A. Davidovich, Factors controlling the size of initial cells in diatoms. Russ. J. Plant cell size in diatoms, Proceedings of the 16th international diatom symposium, vol.25, 1994.

M. B. Edlund and E. F. Stoermer, Ecological, evolutionary, and systematic significance of 750 diatom life histories, J. Phycol, vol.33, pp.897-918, 1997.

K. F. Edwards, M. K. Thomas, C. A. Klausmeier, and E. Litchman, Allometric scaling and 752 taxonomic variation in nutrient utilization traits and maximum growth rate of phytoplankton, 2012.

, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.57, pp.554-66

J. Fehling, K. Davidson, C. J. Bolch, and S. S. Bates, Growth and domoic acid production by, 2004.

, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Bacillariophyceae) under phosphate and silicate limitation, J

. Phycol, , vol.40, pp.674-83

L. F. Fernandes, K. A. Hubbard, M. L. Richlen, J. Smith, S. S. Bates et al.,

D. L. Kulis, M. Quilliam, K. Libera, L. Mccauley, and D. M. Anderson, , 2014.

, Diversity and toxicity of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo in the Gulf of Maine, p.760

, Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Deep. Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr, vol.103, pp.139-62

J. Frenkel, W. Vyverman, and G. Pohnert, Pheromone signaling during sexual reproduction in 762 algae, Plant J, vol.79, pp.632-676, 2014.

F. Gai, F. Kirketerp-hedemand, C. Louw, D. C. Grobler, and K. , Morphological , 764 molecular and toxigenic characteristics of Namibian Pseudo-nitzschia species -including, 2018.

, Harmful Algae, vol.76, pp.80-95

N. Fuchs, E. Scalco, W. H. Kooistra, P. Assmy, and M. Montresor, Genetic 767 characterization and life cycle of the diatom Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, Eur. J. Phycol, vol.768, pp.411-437, 2013.

N. Fuchs, E. Scalco, W. H. Kooistra, P. Assmy, and M. Montresor, Genetic 770 characterization and life cycle of the diatom Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, Eur. J. Phycol, 2013.

C. E. Hamm, R. Merkel, O. Springer, P. Jurkojc, C. Maier et al., , 2003.

, Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection

, Nature, vol.421, issue.6925, p.841

S. Harðardóttir, M. Pan?i?, A. Tammilehto, B. Krock, E. Møller et al., Dangerous relations in the Arctic marine food web: Interactions between toxin 785 producing Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms and Calanus Copepodites, Mar. Drugs, vol.13, pp.3809-3844, 2015.

G. R. Hasle, Are most of the domoic acid-producing species of the diatom genus Pseudo-787 nitzschia cosmopolites?, Harmful Algae, vol.1, pp.137-183, 2002.

I. Hense and A. Beckmann, A theoretical investigation of the diatom cell size reduction-789 restitution cycle, Ecol. Modell, vol.317, pp.66-82, 2015.

M. Hiltz, S. S. Bates, and I. Kaczmarska, Effect of light: dark cycles and cell apical length on 791 the sexual reproduction of the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries 792 (Bacillariophyceae) in culture, Phycologia, vol.39, pp.59-66, 2000.

K. E. Holtermann, S. S. Bates, V. L. Trainer, A. Odell, and E. V. Armbrust, Mass sexual 794 reproduction in the toxigenic diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis and P. pungens 795 (Bacillariophyceae) on the Washington coast, USA, J. Phycol, vol.46, pp.41-52, 2010.

M. D. Howard, W. P. Cochlan, N. Ladizinsky, and R. M. Kudela, Nitrogenous preference of 797 toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae) from field and laboratory 798 experiments, Harmful Algae, vol.6, pp.206-223, 2007.

D. H. Jewson, Size reduction, reproductive strategy and the life cycle of a centric diatom, 1992.

, Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, vol.336, pp.191-213

I. Kaczmarska, A. Poulí?ková, S. Sato, M. B. Edlund, M. Idei et al., , 2013.

, Proposals for a terminology for diatom sexual reproduction, auxospores and resting stages

V. Deton-cabanillas, A. Bazin, P. Kientz-bouchart, V. Fauchot, and J. , Nutrient 917 ratios influence variability in Pseudo-nitzschia species diversity and particulate domoic acid 918 production in the Bay of Seine (France), Harmful Algae, vol.68, pp.192-205, 2017.

V. L. Trainer, S. S. Bates, N. Lundholm, A. E. Thessen, W. P. Cochlan et al.,

C. G. , Pseudo-nitzschia physiological ecology, phylogeny, toxicity, monitoring and 921 impacts on ecosystem health, Harmful Algae, vol.14, pp.271-300, 2012.

E. Van-meerssche, D. I. Greenfield, and J. L. Pinckney, Coastal eutrophication and freshening: 923 Impacts on Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and domoic acid allelopathy, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.924, pp.70-79, 2018.

P. Vanormelingen, B. Vanelslander, S. Sato, J. Gillard, R. Trobajo et al., Heterothallic sexual reproduction in the model diatom Cylindrotheca, Eur. J. Phycol, vol.927, pp.93-105, 2013.

M. C. Villac, D. L. Roelke, F. P. Chavez, L. A. Cifuentes, and G. A. Fryxell, Pseudo-nitzschia, 1993.

, australis Frenguelli and related species from the west coast of the U, p.930

F. Pnpun,

. Luc-sur-mer,

. Luc-sur-mer, , vol.10, 2015.

, PNfra 162 Saint-Vaast-laHougue (EC)

S. Figure, Dissolved domoic acid (dDA, fg.cell -1 ) as a function of the age of the strain (months)

, since their isolation from natural populations: (A) P. australis (n = 9) and (B) in P. pungens (n = 1018 12) and P. fraudulenta (n = 9

F. Pnpun,

. Luc-sur-mer,

. Luc-sur-mer, , vol.10, 2015.

, PNfra 162 Saint-Vaast-laHougue (EC)