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                <title xml:lang="en">Hierarchized Ethos and Typified  Speakers</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">enunciation</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">ethos</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">reported speech</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">genre</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">discours rapporté</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">genre</term>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">énonciation</term>
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              <p>In reported discourse, the ethos of the quoted speaker interacts with that of the quoting speaker. The most interesting speech situations are those with strong differences between quoted ethos and quoting ethos, when the former legitimates the latter. This is precisely what is pointed out in the four texts studied in this article, texts belonging to different genres and written at different periods: the middle of the 17th century and the end of the 19th century. The texts from the 17th century are based on a theatrical setting and involved in societal debates while the texts from the 19th century pertain to the literary field. In any case, the quoting speaker quotes characters with a “typified” ethos supposed to illustrate how the members of a given social group speak. I will first compare the two texts from the 17th century before focusing on those from the 19th century, which feature popular characters –a worker and a farmer– exterior to the world of the quoting speaker and their audience.</p>
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              <p>Quand il y a discours rapporté, l'ethos de l’énonciateur cité interagit avec celui de l’énonciateur citant. Les phénomènes les plus intéressants sont ceux où on perçoit une divergence forte entre ethos cité et ethos citant et où le premier permet de légitimer le second. C'est le cas dans les textes étudiés dans cet article analysant quatre textes de fiction de genres différents produits à deux époques : le milieu du XVIIe siècle et la fin du XIXe siècle. Les textes du XVIIe reposent sur un dispositif théâtral et participent de débats de société ; ceux du XIXe, en revanche, visent avant tout à valider leur énonciation dans le champ littéraire. Dans tous les cas l'énonciateur citant donne la parole à des personnages à l'ethos "typifié", censé représentatif de la manière de parler des membres d’un groupe social déterminé. Dans un premier temps, on confronte les deux textes du XVIIe siècle, avant de les comparer à ceux du XIXe, qui font parler des locuteurs populaires, un ouvrier et un paysan, étrangers au monde de l'énonciateur citant et de son public.</p>
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