European ‘NAFLD Preparedness Index’ — Is Europe ready to meet the challenge of fatty liver disease?
Abstract
Background & aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is closely associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, is a highly prevalent emerging condition that can be optimally managed through a multidisciplinary patient-centred approach. National preparedness to address NAFLD is essential to ensure that health systems can deliver effective care. We present a NAFLD Preparedness Index for Europe.
Methods: In June 2019, data were extracted by expert groups from 29 countries to complete a 41-item questionnaire about NAFLD. Questions were classified into 4 categories: policies/civil society (9 questions), guidelines (16 questions), epidemiology (4 questions), and care management (12 questions). Based on the responses, national preparedness for each indicator was classified into low, middle, or high-levels. We then applied a multiple correspondence analysis to obtain a standardised preparedness score for each country ranging from 0 to 100.
Results: The analysis estimated a summary factor that explained 71.3% of the variation in the dataset. No countries were found to have yet attained a high-level of preparedness. Currently, the UK (75.5) scored best, although falling within the mid-level preparedness band, followed by Spain (56.2), and Denmark (43.4), whereas Luxembourg and Ireland were the lowest scoring countries with a score of 4.9. Only Spain scored highly in the epidemiology indicator category, whereas the UK was the only country that scored highly for care management.
Conclusions: The NAFLD Preparedness Index indicates substantial variation between countries' readiness to address NAFLD. Notably, even those countries that score relatively highly exhibit deficiencies in key domains, suggesting that structural changes are needed to optimise NAFLD management and ensure effective public health approaches are in place.
Lay summary: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is closely associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, is a highly prevalent condition that can be optimally managed through a multidisciplinary patient-centred approach. National preparedness to address NAFLD is essential to allow for effective public health measures aimed at preventing disease while also ensuring that health systems can deliver effective care to affected populations. This study defined preparedness as having adequate policies and civil society engagement, guidelines, epidemiology, and care management. NAFLD preparedness was found to be deficient in all 29 countries studied, with great variation among the countries and the 4 categories studied.
Keywords
MCA
multiple correspondence analysis
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease
Multiple joint correspondence analysis
NAFLD
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH
non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Policy preparedness
T2DM
type 2 diabetes mellitus
WHO
World Health Organization
EASD
European Association for the Study of Diabetes
EASL
European Association for the Study of the Liver
EASO
European Association for the Study of Obesity
EEA
European Economic Area
ESPEN
European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism
EU
European Union
Europe
Health policy
Liver health
Domains
Life Sciences [q-bio]Origin | Publication funded by an institution |
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