Amino acids and peptides are often used as “model” segments of proteins for studying their behavior in various types of environments, and/or elaborating functional surfaces. Indeed, though the protein behavior is much more complex than that of their isolated segments, knowledge of the binding mode as well as of the chemical structure of peptides on metal or oxide surfaces is a significant step toward the control of materials in a biological environment. Such knowledge has considerably increased in the past few years, thanks to the combination of advanced characterization techniques and of modeling methods. Investigations of biomolecule–surface interactions in water/solvent environments are quite numerous, but only in a few cases is it possible to reach an understanding of the molecule–(water)–surface interaction with a level of detail comparable to that of the UHV studies. This contribution aims at reviewing the recent data describing the amino acid and peptide interaction with metal or oxide surfaces in the presence of water.