Non‐invasive on‐site Raman study of polychrome and white enamelled glass artefacts in imitation of porcelain assigned to Bernard Perrot and his followers
Abstract
Bernard Perrot had produced sophisticated glass objects from ~1666 to 1709 in Orléans, particularly white enamelled artefacts and ruby glass. We present here the first non-invasive Raman study of sixteen white glass artefacts which are assigned to B. Perrot or his followers. These glasses are enamelled except one of them and belong to the museum collections of Orléans and Sèvres. The prominent characteristic of these artefacts is their white bodies which were produced in imitation of porcelain. The small thickness of enamel applied to these glasses imposes the use of a high magnification (x200) long working distance microscope objective for Raman analysis. Pigments and opacifiers were identified and the production technology was discussed. White opacification was obtained by three compounds: calcium phosphate (bone opacification) for blown utensils, calcium antimonate for figurines and cassiterite for thin enamels. The characteristic arsenic-rich European cobalt was identified in the blue enamels with the characteristic Raman signature of arsenic apatite as observed for 17 th and 18 th soft-paste porcelains and Limoges enamels. The easy Raman detection of arsenic-rich phases also allows on-site identification of ruby glass made according to Perrot's technique (precipitation of Au° colloids by arsenic). The amount and crystallinity of calcium phosphate being variable appears to be a potential tool to discriminate between different production periods or workshops.
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