This paper addresses the question of the homogenization of fracture properties for three-dimensional disordered brittle solids. The effective toughness, identified as the minimum elastic energy release rate required to ensure crack growth, is predicted from a semi-analytical framework inspired by both micromechanics and statistical physics that encompasses the decisive influences of both the material disorder and the mechanisms of interaction between a crack and heterogeneities. Theoretical predictions are compared to numerical values of the effective toughness that are computed with the fracture mechanics based semi-analytical method of Lebihain et al. (2020). Based on a perturbative approach of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics, this method allows for the efficient computation of crack propagation under tensile Mode I loading in composite material containing several millions of inclusions, where the crack interacts with them through two mechanisms : crossing, wherein the crack penetrates the inclusion, and bypass , wherein the crack wanders out-of-plane and follows the inclusion/matrix interface. We show that our homogenization procedure provides an accurate prediction of the homogenized fracture properties for a broad range of microstructural parameters such as the inclusions toughness, their density or their shape. This original theoretical framework constitutes a powerful mean to bridge the microstructural parameters of materials with their crack growth resistance, beyond the particular cases considered in the performed simulations. As a result, it provides new strategies for the rational design of optimized brittle composites with tailored fracture properties.